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GREEK CRUSADERS: Nikephoros Phokas
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Nikephoros II Phokas was Byzantine Emperor from 963 to 969. His brilliant military exploits contributed to the resurgence of the Byzantine Empire during the 10th century.
In the east, he completed the conquest of Cilicia and even retook the island of Cyprus, thus opening the path for subsequent Byzantine incursions reaching as far as the Jazira and the Levant. Nikephoros Phokas was born around 912 and belonged to a Cappadocian Greek family which had produced several generals, including Nikephoros' father Bardas Phokas, brother Leo Phokas, and grandfather Nikephoros Phokas the Elder, who had all served as commanders of the field army. His mother, whose name is unknown, was a member of another powerful Anatolian Greek clan, the Maleinoi
Nikephoros joined the army at an early age. He was appointed the military governor of the Anatolikon Theme in 945. In June 957 Nikephoros managed to capture and destroy Hadath. The Byzantines would continue to push their advantage against the Arabs.
From the ascension of Emperor Romanos II in 959, Nikephoros and his younger brother Leo Phokas were placed in charge of the eastern and western field armies respectively. In 960, 27,000 oarsmen and marines were assembled to man a fleet of 308 ships carrying 50,000 troops At the recommendation of the influential minister Joseph Bringas, Nikephoros was entrusted to lead this expedition against the Muslim Emirate of Crete.
He successfully led his fleet to the island and defeated a minor Arab force upon disembarkation near Almyros. He soon began a nine-month siege of the fortress town of Chandax. Following a failed assault and many raids into the countryside, He entered Chandax on 6 March 961 and soon wrested control of the entire island from the Muslims Arabs.
Following the conquest of Crete, he soon returned to the east with a large and well-equipped army and almost immediately marched into Cilicia. In February 962, he captured Anazarbos. Nikephorus continued to ravage the Cilician countryside, defeating the governor of Tarsus, ibn al-Zayyat in open battle.
Upon the beginning of the new campaigning season, Arabs entered the Byzantine Empire and began to conduct raids. This strategy, however, would prove fatal for them, as Aleppo was left dangerously undefended.
Nikephoros soon took the city of Manbij. In December, an army split between Nikephoros and John Tzimiskes marched towards Aleppo, quickly routing an opposing muslim force. Another muslim force caught up with the Byzantines, but it too was routed, and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes entered Aleppo on December 24.
From 964 to 965, he led an army of 40,000 men which liberated Cilicia and conducted raids in Upper Mesopotamia and Syria, while another byzantine force recovered Cyprus.
Nikephorus and Tzimiskes seized Mopsuestia in July 13, while Leo Phokas invested Tarsus and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes arrived soon after. Nikephoros won a pitched battle against the Tarsiots, routing their forces with his "ironclad horsemen", referencing the Byzantine cataphracts. Within a fortnight, Tarsus surrendered on August 16th to Nikephoros who allowed the inhabitants to leave the city unharmed but plundered the city. With the fall of these two strongholds, Cilicia was in the hands of the Byzantines.
In 968, Nikephoros conducted a raid which reached the city of Tripoli, raiding and sacking most of the fortresses along his path. His aim was to cut off Antioch from its allies. Finally the city was taken by a surprise attack.
In the east, he completed the conquest of Cilicia and even retook the island of Cyprus, thus opening the path for subsequent Byzantine incursions reaching as far as the Jazira and the Levant. Nikephoros Phokas was born around 912 and belonged to a Cappadocian Greek family which had produced several generals, including Nikephoros' father Bardas Phokas, brother Leo Phokas, and grandfather Nikephoros Phokas the Elder, who had all served as commanders of the field army. His mother, whose name is unknown, was a member of another powerful Anatolian Greek clan, the Maleinoi
Nikephoros joined the army at an early age. He was appointed the military governor of the Anatolikon Theme in 945. In June 957 Nikephoros managed to capture and destroy Hadath. The Byzantines would continue to push their advantage against the Arabs.
From the ascension of Emperor Romanos II in 959, Nikephoros and his younger brother Leo Phokas were placed in charge of the eastern and western field armies respectively. In 960, 27,000 oarsmen and marines were assembled to man a fleet of 308 ships carrying 50,000 troops At the recommendation of the influential minister Joseph Bringas, Nikephoros was entrusted to lead this expedition against the Muslim Emirate of Crete.
He successfully led his fleet to the island and defeated a minor Arab force upon disembarkation near Almyros. He soon began a nine-month siege of the fortress town of Chandax. Following a failed assault and many raids into the countryside, He entered Chandax on 6 March 961 and soon wrested control of the entire island from the Muslims Arabs.
Following the conquest of Crete, he soon returned to the east with a large and well-equipped army and almost immediately marched into Cilicia. In February 962, he captured Anazarbos. Nikephorus continued to ravage the Cilician countryside, defeating the governor of Tarsus, ibn al-Zayyat in open battle.
Upon the beginning of the new campaigning season, Arabs entered the Byzantine Empire and began to conduct raids. This strategy, however, would prove fatal for them, as Aleppo was left dangerously undefended.
Nikephoros soon took the city of Manbij. In December, an army split between Nikephoros and John Tzimiskes marched towards Aleppo, quickly routing an opposing muslim force. Another muslim force caught up with the Byzantines, but it too was routed, and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes entered Aleppo on December 24.
From 964 to 965, he led an army of 40,000 men which liberated Cilicia and conducted raids in Upper Mesopotamia and Syria, while another byzantine force recovered Cyprus.
Nikephorus and Tzimiskes seized Mopsuestia in July 13, while Leo Phokas invested Tarsus and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes arrived soon after. Nikephoros won a pitched battle against the Tarsiots, routing their forces with his "ironclad horsemen", referencing the Byzantine cataphracts. Within a fortnight, Tarsus surrendered on August 16th to Nikephoros who allowed the inhabitants to leave the city unharmed but plundered the city. With the fall of these two strongholds, Cilicia was in the hands of the Byzantines.
In 968, Nikephoros conducted a raid which reached the city of Tripoli, raiding and sacking most of the fortresses along his path. His aim was to cut off Antioch from its allies. Finally the city was taken by a surprise attack.
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