Beetle | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:


00:02:54 1 Etymology
00:03:35 2 Distribution and diversity
00:06:02 3 Evolution
00:06:11 3.1 Late Paleozoic
00:09:06 3.2 Jurassic
00:10:58 3.3 Cretaceous
00:13:02 3.4 Cenozoic
00:13:55 4 Phylogeny
00:17:08 5 External morphology
00:18:53 5.1 Head
00:22:27 5.2 Thorax
00:23:21 5.3 Legs
00:24:26 5.4 Wings
00:25:54 5.5 Abdomen
00:26:43 6 Anatomy and physiology
00:26:53 6.1 Digestive system
00:27:44 6.2 Nervous system
00:28:09 6.3 Respiratory system
00:29:34 6.4 Circulatory system
00:30:06 6.5 Specialized organs
00:31:44 7 Reproduction and development
00:32:32 7.1 Mating
00:34:37 7.2 Life cycle
00:34:45 7.2.1 Egg
00:35:40 7.2.2 Larva
00:39:20 7.2.3 Pupa and adult
00:40:24 8 Behaviour
00:40:33 8.1 Locomotion
00:42:19 8.2 Communication
00:42:55 8.3 Parental care
00:44:26 8.4 Eusociality
00:45:30 8.5 Feeding
00:46:56 9 Ecology
00:47:05 9.1 Anti-predator adaptations
00:47:41 9.1.1 Camouflage
00:48:17 9.1.2 Mimicry and aposematism
00:50:27 9.1.3 Other defences
00:51:20 9.2 Parasitism
00:52:18 9.3 Pollination
00:53:19 9.4 Mutualism
00:54:21 9.5 Tolerance of extreme environments
00:58:33 9.6 Migration
00:59:15 10 Relationship to humans
00:59:24 10.1 In ancient cultures
01:01:38 10.2 As pests
01:04:30 10.3 As beneficial resources
01:06:41 10.4 As food and medicine
01:07:17 10.5 As biodiversity indicators
01:08:20 10.6 In art and adornment
01:09:04 10.7 In entertainment
01:10:03 10.8 As pets
01:10:39 10.9 As things to collect
01:11:07 10.10 As inspiration for technologies
01:12:18 10.11 In conservation



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SUMMARY
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Beetles are a group of insects that form the order Coleoptera, in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 species, is the largest of all orders, constituting almost 40% of described insects and 25% of all known animal life-forms; new species are discovered frequently. The largest of all families, the Curculionidae (weevils) with some 83,000 member species,
belongs to this order. Found in almost every habitat except the sea and the polar regions, they interact with their ecosystems in several ways: beetles often feed on plants and fungi, break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates. Some species are serious agricultural pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle, while others such as Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybugs) eat aphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops.
Beetles typically have a particularly hard exoskeleton including the elytra, though some such as the rove beetles have very short elytra while blister beetles have softer elytra. The general anatomy of a beetle is quite uniform and typical of insects, although there are several examples of novelty, such as adaptations in water beetles which trap air bubbles under the elytra for use while diving. Beetles are endopterygotes, which means that they undergo complete metamorphosis, with a series of conspicuous and relatively abrupt changes in body structure between hatching and becoming adult after a relatively immobile pupal stage. Some, such as stag beetles, have a marked sexual dimorphism, the males possessing enormously enlarged mandibles which they use to fight other males. Many beetles are aposematic, with bright colours and patterns warning of their toxicity, while others are harmless Batesian mimics of such insects. Many beetles, including those that live in sandy places, have effective camouflage.
Beetles are prominent in human culture, from the sacred scarabs of ancient Egypt to beetlewing art and use as pets or fighting insects for entertainment and gambling. Many beetle groups are brightly and attractively coloured making them objects of coll ...