Dark Matter May Not Exist

In the late 19th century, Newton's theory of gravity faced a significant challenge due to an anomaly in Mercury's orbit, which deviated by 42 arcseconds per century. Attempts to resolve this through hypothetical inner planets or modifications to Newton’s laws failed. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (1915) provided an explanation: the Sun's gravitational warping of space-time altered Mercury's orbit.

In the 1930s, another gravitational challenge arose with flat galactic rotation curves. Unlike solar systems, where outer objects orbit slower, galaxies rotate almost uniformly. This deviation from Newtonian and Einsteinian predictions led to the hypothesis of Dark Matter (DM)—invisible, non-baryonic matter altering gravitational dynamics. Candidates for DM include WIMPs, axions, and sterile neutrinos, though no definitive particle has been discovered.

An alternative to DM, Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), proposed by Mordehai Milgrom in 1983, suggests altering gravitational laws at low accelerations. MOND explains galactic rotation curves, the Tully-Fisher relation, and phenomena in low-surface-brightness (LSB) galaxies better than DM. However, MOND struggles with multi-body interactions, gravitational lensing, and the Bullet Cluster, indicating limitations as a complete theory of gravity.

Extensions to MOND include AQUAL (A Quadratic Lagrangian), which respects conservation laws and explains phenomena like the external field effect and binary galaxy interactions. However, AQUAL faces issues with gravitational lensing and solar system dynamics. Further refinements, such as TeVeS (Tensor-Vector-Scalar theory) by Jacob Bekenstein in 2004, aimed to integrate relativistic principles and explain light deflection without DM. Yet, TeVeS predictions conflict with precise Solar system measurements and recent gravitational wave data, weakening its credibility.

Both DM and MOND remain ad hoc solutions with unresolved problems. Theoretical advancements are required to unify these frameworks or propose a new paradigm, akin to Einstein’s revolutionary leap.

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[BigNewGames]

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