Turkish Classical Music Makams (Musical Modes)

In Turkish classical music, "makam" is a term that refers to the melodic structure of a piece of music, determined by the hierarchical structure of the series of notes used in the piece. Makams are created by combining whole tones and half tones, and the strongest note in the combination is usually considered the main note of the makam. There are 16 basic makams in Turkish music, each with its own set of characteristic notes, strong and weak notes, and melodic progression. The number of known makams in Turkish music is over 500, but only around 150 are used today, and composers typically work with around 40 different makams. Makams are classified into three types: simple makams, which are created by combining whole and half tones; transposed makams, which are created by shifting the main note of a makam to a different note; and compound makams, which are created by combining different makam series.

Here are some of the most important makams in Turkish classical music:

Hicaz: This makam has a distinct and emotional character. It is often associated with melancholy and is widely used in Turkish classical and folk music.

Rast: Rast is a very popular and widely used makam in Turkish music. It has a bright and uplifting character and is often associated with happiness.

Hüzzam: Hüzzam is another important makam known for its emotional depth. It is commonly used in Turkish classical and folk music to convey a sense of longing and nostalgia.

Uşşak: Uşşak is a versatile makam that can be used to express a wide range of emotions. It is often employed in Turkish classical music compositions.

Nihavend: Nihavend is a makam known for its soothing and pleasant character. It is used in both instrumental and vocal compositions.

Segah: Segah has a solemn and dignified character. It is often chosen for more serious and introspective compositions.

Saba: Saba is associated with a sense of peace and tranquility. It is used in Turkish classical music to evoke a feeling of serenity.

Kürdi: Kürdi has a unique and captivating character. It is employed in both classical and folk music to create a distinct atmosphere.

Sultaniyegah: Sultaniyegah is a complex makam with a rich and intricate structure. It is often used for compositions that require a high level of skill and mastery.

Mahur: Mahur is a versatile makam that can convey various emotions, including both joy and sadness.

These are just a few examples of the many makams in Turkish classical music. Each makam has its own unique character and can be used to convey a wide range of emotions and moods. Composers and musicians in Turkish classical music draw upon this rich palette of makams to create beautiful and evocative compositions.