'A Long Hard Look at Psycho' By Raymond Durgnat

"A Long Hard Look at Psycho" by Raymond Durgnat is a seminal piece of film criticism that offers a comprehensive analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's iconic 1960 film, "Psycho." Durgnat's essay delves into the film's narrative, characters, themes, and cinematic techniques to provide a nuanced understanding of this masterpiece. This analysis spans across 620 to 660 words.Durgnat begins by highlighting the unconventional structure of "Psycho," noting that it subverts traditional storytelling by killing off its protagonist, Marion Crane, early in the narrative. This bold move sets the tone for the rest of the film and establishes its reputation as a trailblazer in the horror genre.One of the central elements that Durgnat explores is the theme of duality in "Psycho." He emphasizes the dual nature of the characters, most notably Norman Bates, who embodies both the timid, sympathetic motel owner and the deranged killer living inside him. Durgnat argues that this duality reflects the broader human condition, where the veneer of normalcy can hide darker impulses. This theme is reinforced by the film's setting: the Bates Motel, a place where the ordinary and the sinister coexist.Durgnat also examines the role of voyeurism in "Psycho." He contends that Hitchcock invites the audience to become voyeurs themselves, peering into the characters' private lives and transgressing societal norms. This theme is particularly evident in the infamous shower scene, where the camera's perspective mirrors that of a peeping tom. Durgnat argues that this scene not only shocks but also implicates the viewer in the act of voyeurism, making them complicit in the violation of Marion's privacy.Furthermore, Durgnat delves into the significance of the film's visuals and cinematography. He praises Hitchcock's masterful use of black and white photography, which heightens the film's contrast and adds to its overall sense of dread. The mise-en-scène, particularly the Bates Motel and the eerie house on the hill, becomes integral to the film's atmosphere. Durgnat emphasizes that every shot in "Psycho" is meticulously composed to create a sense of unease and disorientation.In addition, Durgnat discusses the influence of German Expressionism on the film's visual style. He notes that Hitchcock draws from the works of silent-era German directors like F.W. Murnau and Fritz Lang to create a visually stunning and thematically rich cinematic experience. The use of shadows, distorted angles, and chiaroscuro lighting contributes to the film's atmosphere of psychological turmoil.Durgnat also explores the character of Norman Bates in detail. He argues that Bates represents the quintessential Hitchcockian protagonist, a charming but deeply disturbed individual. The duality of Norman's personality is a reflection of Hitchcock's fascination with the human psyche and the mask that people often wear in public. Durgnat suggests that Norman's transformation into his mother is a manifestation of his psychological disintegration, and it serves as a precursor to later cinematic explorations of split personalities.The essay further analyzes the film's groundbreaking shower scene, noting its innovative use of quick cuts and discordant music. Durgnat sees this scene as a masterclass in suspense and shock, setting a standard for future horror films. He highlights Hitchcock's ability to manipulate the audience's emotions and create a visceral, unforgettable experience.Finally, Durgnat delves into the film's reception and its impact on the horror genre. He points out that "Psycho" was initially met with controversy and mixed reviews but went on to become a critical and commercial success. It redefined the horror genre, paving the way for a new wave of psychological and slasher films. Durgnat's analysis underscores the lasting legacy of "Psycho" in shaping the cinematic landscape.In conclusion, Raymond Durgnat's analysis of "Psycho" provides a comprehensive and insightful examination of Alfred Hitchcock's masterpiece. Through his exploration of themes, characters, and cinematic techniques, Durgnat illuminates the film's enduring significance in the history of cinema. "Psycho" remains a timeless classic, thanks in no small part to Durgnat's long, hard look at its many layers of complexity and innovation.