Concrete | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:


00:01:43 1 Etymology
00:02:09 2 History
00:02:18 2.1 Ancient times
00:03:06 2.2 Classical era
00:06:43 2.3 Middle Ages
00:07:14 2.4 Industrial era
00:08:54 3 Composition
00:11:28 3.1 Cement
00:13:21 3.2 Water
00:14:56 3.3 Aggregates
00:16:36 3.4 Reinforcement
00:17:08 3.5 Admixtures
00:21:05 3.6 Mineral admixtures and blended cements
00:23:57 4 Production
00:26:42 4.1 Mixing
00:27:38 4.2 Workability
00:30:53 4.3 Curing
00:33:00 4.3.1 Techniques
00:34:17 5 Specialty types
00:34:27 5.1 Pervious
00:35:17 5.2 Nanoconcrete
00:37:31 5.3 Microbial
00:38:24 5.4 Polymer
00:38:59 6 Safety
00:40:26 7 Properties
00:43:12 8 In construction
00:43:50 8.1 Mass structures
00:45:09 8.2 Surface finishes
00:46:16 8.3 Prestressed structures
00:47:26 8.4 Cold weather placement
00:49:17 8.5 Roads
00:50:22 8.6 Energy efficiency
00:52:07 8.7 Fire safety
00:53:35 8.8 Earthquake safety
00:54:22 9 Degradation
00:55:11 10 Environmental and health
00:57:16 10.1 Recycling
00:57:43 11 World records



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SUMMARY
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Concrete, usually Portland cement concrete (for its visual resemblance to Portland stone), is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time—most frequently in the past a lime-based cement binder, such as lime putty, but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement or Portland Cement. It is distinguished from other, non-cementitious types of concrete all binding some form of aggregate together, including asphalt concrete with a bitumen binder, which is frequently used for road surfaces, and polymer concretes that use polymers as a binder.
When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water and other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives (such as pozzolans or superplasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials (such as rebar) embedded to provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.
Concrete is one of the most frequently used building materials. Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum combined. Globally, the ready-mix concrete industry, the largest segment of the concrete market, is projected to exceed $600 billion in revenue by 2025.