HOW INSULIN SAVED LIVES!🌿🖤 #biotech #trending #insulin

History of Insulin

1. **Discovery of Diabetes:**
- Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Indians were aware of diabetes. They noticed that people with this condition had sweet-smelling urine.
- In 1869, **Paul Langerhans**, a German medical student, discovered clusters of cells in the pancreas, now known as the **Islets of Langerhans**, but their function was unknown.

2. **Linking the Pancreas to Diabetes:**
- In 1889, **Oskar Minkowski** and **Joseph von Mering** removed the pancreas from dogs, leading to diabetes in the animals. This showed the pancreas' role in regulating blood sugar.

3. **The Idea of Internal Secretion:**
- In 1901, **Eugene Opie** linked diabetes to the destruction of Islets of Langerhans, suggesting that they produced a substance controlling blood sugar.

4. **The Discovery of Insulin:**
- In 1921, **Frederick Banting**, a Canadian surgeon, along with medical student **Charles Best**, isolated insulin from a dog's pancreas.
- They injected this extract into diabetic dogs, significantly lowering blood sugar levels.
- **J.J.R. Macleod**, a professor at the University of Toronto, provided the laboratory and resources.
- **James Collip**, a biochemist, helped purify the insulin extract.

5. **First Human Trial:**
- In January 1922, the first human was treated with insulin – **Leonard Thompson**, a 14-year-old boy with severe diabetes. The initial injection caused an allergic reaction due to impurities.
- Collip improved the purification process, and the second injection was successful, saving Leonard’s life.

6. **Nobel Prize and Recognition:**
- In 1923, **Banting and Macleod** received the **Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine** for the discovery of insulin.
- Banting shared his prize money with Best, and Macleod shared his with Collip, acknowledging their vital contributions.

7. **Commercial Production:**
- The discovery led to large-scale insulin production by **Eli Lilly and Company**, making insulin widely available by the mid-1920s.

8. **Advancements in Insulin:**
- 1936: **Protamine zinc insulin** was developed, a long-acting form.
- 1950: **NPH insulin** (neutral protamine Hagedorn) became a popular intermediate-acting insulin.
- 1982: The first **human insulin** was produced using recombinant DNA technology by **Genentech** and marketed by **Eli Lilly** as **Humulin**.

9. **Modern Developments:**
- In the 1990s, **insulin analogs** were developed to provide better control of blood sugar, including rapid-acting and long-acting insulins.
- Today, insulin is available in various forms, including injections, pens, and pumps, improving the quality of life for diabetics worldwide.

This timeline reflects how the discovery and development of insulin transformed diabetes from a fatal disease to a manageable condition.

[ReyazBhat-jv]

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