Faults and Folds

Year 9: Plate Tectonics - Lesson 6

[bikramroy]

Nicely explained in simple language. Video was to the point, not deviated. Hats off !!!
👌👌👌👌👌👍👍👍👍👍

[herves]

Mr Catterson,

I thought, and I learnt in the past when I was a geology student, that what you called "horst" is actually an existing compressive feature, but called "pop up" and _not_ "horst". A real horst is in fact _not_ a compressive feature with reverse faults but an extensive one, with still _normal_ faults, like graben, because situated between two graben. The horst is the topographically high point (in general), associated to or between two graben, that are of course topographically low. But it belongs to the _same_ extensive structure, with normal faults everywhere _only_ .
You can also have compressive features, that are topographically low, called "pop down", just like graben, but this time between _reverse_ faults here, so associated to pop up, like graben are associated to horsts. The Tarim basin in the Himalaya is an example of that, if I remember well.

Unless I'm wrong and everything had changed during the last twenty years, and notions like pop up/down no more exist?...

With respect.

[nostalgia]

Thanks, you just saved me for my geography exam 👍

[shradhachoudhary]

Why during the Horst the formation is not that of some compressed rocks forming folded structure ??? Why it will just rise as a block ???

[abidaligeophysicist]

Thank you dear sir for making this video i m Geophysics student

[Volvo-fy]

Very good explaination. I can't understand other videos which rather gave a poor explaination are getting more views.

[rishavraj]

What is the difference between Rift and Graben ?

[Zyllirk]

You just got yourself a new sub GREAT VIDEO it was lit!!!!

[KishanRaj-tejc]

Thank you! the concept is clear after watching this video

[amanmishra_ja]

So so nice video sir ..thank u so much..

[NephilimFree]

The continents are covered with an average of 1, 800 meters of sedimentary materials deposited by rapidly moving water which are heavily littered with rapidly buried creatures which are now fossils. This geologic fact provides overwhelming evidence of the Noaich Flood because uniformitariqanism cannot have produced the strata, it has been demonstrated scientifically that strata form rapidly and in groups together at the same time, making the strata above and below any given streata to be of no difference in age. Features of the strata which prove global catastrophism is the cause of the global strata are:
1. The mountains of the earth are comprised to a large extent of deformed strata, which cannot have become deformed by heat and pressure miles deep inside the earth, but were instead soft and moist when deformed
2. There is a nearly complete absence of erosion between any of the strata
3. There is a nearly complete absence of grass in the geologic column
4. There is a nearly complete absence of soil in the geologic column
5. The strata have fine and distinct boundaries between each other instead of gradating
6. The majority of strata possess grain-size distribution - a feature that is produced only by rapid sedimentation
7. Sand dunes formed under water litter the continents, verified by their approximately 15 degree angle of inclination. Sand dunes formed by wind have an approximately 25 degree angle of inclination.
8. A fossil record - Fossilization requires rapid burial. All strata in which there are fossils were deposited rapidly, regardless of other properties they may have.
9. Abrupt appearance and stasis of life forms in the fossil record and absence of transition, which would be outrageously abundant if uniformitarianism and evolution were true. Stasis is predicted by the Noaich Flood.
9. Fossils which have been transported many miles with the materials in which they were buried which indicates vast quantities of sediments being transported by vast quantities of rapidly moving water.
10. Mountain Water Gaps exist globally - mountains which were still soft and moist after rapid uplift which were pulverized by a newly created stream of water (river) which ate through the mountain.
Water seeks the path of least resistance and could not have eaten through the side of a mountain. It would instead flow around it.
11. Dropstones are common in mountains - large rocks and boulders which have become moved into place by very fast moving water and sealed in sedimentary strata which deform around them
12. Planation Surfaces are plentiful on the earth - broad areas, sometimes hundreds or thousands of square miles which have been planed off by massive sheets of rapidly moving water as the flood waters abated the continents during the end stage of the Noaich Flood - uniformitarianism cannot account for massive planation surfaces.
13. Percussion Marks - impact marks ranging is size from small to huge on rocks and boulders across the earth show that extremely fast moving water (up to and beyond 100 mph) has moved rocks weighing up to tons at high speed - enough speed to cause percussion marks under water when they collide with each other.
14. Massive quantities of methane hydrates lining the continents - frozen or semi-frozen methane hydrate which is buried in sediments around the edges of the continents - produced by massive volumes of plant matter ripped from the continents and buried which has now become frozen methane gas. There is so much of it that if it could be mined efficiently, it would provide enough energy for the entire world for over a century.
15. Oil and gas reserves under high pressure - the pressure could not be present after many millions of years. The gas or oil would dissipate all pressure through fissures and microfissures in the rocks. Unless the oil and gas were produced recently, it could not be under high pressure.
16. Fossil footprints formed underwater which show that the animal was climbing against the flow of water in an attempt to survive.
17. Cruziana - fossil footprints, typically found in cross bedding, which lead up to it's fossilized body, which indicates the animal was struggling to survive and evade innundation as it was becoming buried.
18 classes of arthropods in the lowest stratum of the Cambrian (only 5 classes exist today), indicating life was astonishingly complex and more diverse in the earliest record of life than it is today.
19. Polystrate fossils - leaves, marine fossils, trees, worms, etc. show that the strata in which they are encased were deposited rapidly, effectively eliminating all concepts of vast geologic time.
20. Massive canyons - carved out while their strata going down to 1 mile or more deep into the earth were eroded very rapidly, effectively eliminating all concepts of vast geologic time.
20. Megasequences - There are 5 major megasequences which span the majority of North America and can be found globally: 1. Sauk Megasequence, which rests upon basement granite 2. Tippecanoe Megasequence 3. Keskaskia Megasequence 4. Arrasoka Megasequence. 5. Zuni Megasequence The Navjo Sandstone covers 400, 000 sq. km in the western US. comprised of grains eroded from the Appalatian Mountains. The Coconino Sandstone formation averages 315 ft. thick and covers 518, 000 sq. km in the US. and sits on the Hermit Shale. The boundary between them is extremely fine. This removes the potential for long perionds of time between the Hermit Shale and Cocconino Sandstone, and verifies both were created rapidly. The Tapeats Sandstone and Redwall Limestone of Grand Canyon can be traced across the entire United States, up into Canada, and even across the Atlantic Ocean to England. The chalk beds of England (the white cliffs of Dover) can be traced across Europe into the Middle East and are also found in the Midwest of the United States and in Western Australia. Inclined (sloping) layers within the Coconino Sandstone of Grand Canyon are testimony to 10, 000 cubic miles of sand being deposited by huge water currents within days. Directional sorting is often found in the fossil record. The Miffle Permian Qixia and Maikou limestone of southeast China cover 1.2 million sq. km.
21. Giant gravel deposit sheets miles wide and dozens of feet thick (such as in western Sichuan Basin, China), sometimes up to hundreds of miles from their source location, and massive rock deposites up to miles deep
22. Numerous other facts - erosion rates, geologic young age for the earth's rocks, genetic mutation rates, and many others all discredit uniformitarianism and show the Flood of Noah is a historical geological fact.

[selvanmahalakshmi]

Thank you....if you don't mind...pls explain with tamil

[nibiruresearch]

Geologists only talk and think in millions of years. They have different methods for determining the age of rock layers. However, there is one small problem. Ancient books tell us that a cycle of natural disasters threatens the earth and all living things. The cause of this cycle of disasters is a ninth planet in our solar system orbiting the sun in an eccentric orbit. Features of the natural disaster include a massive tidal wave, higher than the highest mountain, flooding, storms, rain, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and a fiery asteroid bombardment. That planet is surrounded by a gigantic twisting cloud of dust and meteorites. That cloud obscures the atmosphere, pollutes the water and covers the whole planet Earth with that dust. At the end of the crossing of this planet 9, the earth is covered with a horizontal layer of wet mud, a mixture of sand, clay, lime, fossils of sea and land animals, shells and the deposit of that dust cloud and asteroids. So every layer on our planet contains material with the same antiquity, perhaps many millions of years old: the deposit of extraterrestrial clay. If you don't know about this cycle, you have no idea how our history has evolved. To learn much more about planet 9, the recurring flood cycle and its timeline, the re-creation of civilizations and ancient high technology, read the e-book: "Planet 9 = Nibiru". It can be read on any computer, tablet or smartphone. Search: invisible nibiru 9