nested function calls intro to cs python khan academy

introduction to nested function calls in python

in programming, a **function** is a reusable piece of code that performs a specific task. a **nested function call** occurs when one function calls another function inside its body. this concept is important because it allows for more modular code, making it easier to read and maintain.

in python, you can define functions within other functions, and you can also call functions from within other functions. this tutorial will guide you through the concept of nested function calls with examples.

why use nested function calls?

1. **modularity**: breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable functions.
2. **reusability**: functions can be reused in different parts of your program.
3. **encapsulation**: inner functions can help to encapsulate logic that is only relevant to the outer function.

basic example of nested function calls

let’s create a simple example where we calculate the area and circumference of a circle using nested function calls.

```python
import math

def calculate_area(radius):
"""calculate the area of a circle given its radius."""

def calculate_circumference(radius):
"""calculate the circumference of a circle given its radius."""

def circle_properties(radius):
"""calculate area and circumference for a circle."""
area = calculate_area(radius) call to calculate_area
circumference = calculate_circumference(radius) call to calculate_circumference
return area, circumference

main execution
radius = 5
area, circumference = circle_properties(radius)
print(f"area: {area:.2f}")
print(f"circumference: {circumference:.2f}")
```

breakdown of the example

1. **importing the math module**: we import the `math` module to get access to the value of π (pi).

2. **defining functions**:
- `calculate_area(radius)`: this function takes the radius of a circle and returns the area using the formula \( \pi r^ ...

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