58 object class equals tostring hashcode in java

in java, the `object` class serves as the root of the class hierarchy. it provides essential methods, including `equals()`, `tostring()`, and `hashcode()`, which are fundamental for object comparison, string representation, and hash-based collections, respectively.

the `equals()` method determines if two objects are considered equal based on their content rather than their reference. by default, it compares memory addresses, but it can be overridden to provide meaningful equality logic.

the `tostring()` method returns a string representation of an object, which is helpful for debugging and logging. the default implementation returns the class name followed by the object's hash code.

the `hashcode()` method provides a numeric representation of an object, ensuring that objects that are equal (as determined by `equals()`) have the same hash code. this is crucial for the performance of hash-based collections like `hashmap` and `hashset`, where fast retrieval is required. proper implementation of these methods enhances the robustness and functionality of java applications.
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