python oop tutorials encapsulation in python

sure! in object-oriented programming (oop), encapsulation is one of the fundamental principles. it refers to the bundling of data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that data into a single unit known as a class. additionally, encapsulation restricts direct access to some of an object’s components, which can help prevent unintended interference and misuse of the data.

key concepts of encapsulation in python

1. **attributes and methods**: in a class, attributes are the variables that hold the data, and methods are functions that define the behaviors of the class.

2. **access modifiers**: python uses naming conventions to indicate the visibility of attributes and methods:
- **public**: accessible from outside the class. (default behavior)
- **protected**: indicated by a single underscore (`_`). intended to be protected and not accessed directly outside the class, but still accessible.
- **private**: indicated by a double underscore (`__`). not accessible from outside the class, providing the highest level of encapsulation.

3. **getters and setters**: these are methods that allow controlled access to the attributes of a class. getters retrieve the value of an attribute, while setters allow modifying the attribute.

example of encapsulation in python

let's create a simple example to demonstrate encapsulation in python.

explanation of the code

1. **class definition**: the `bankaccount` class has a constructor (`__init__`) that initializes the account holder's name and balance. the balance is a private attribute.

2. **public methods**:
- `deposit`: increases the balance if the deposit amount is positive.
- `withdraw`: decreases the balance if the withdrawal amount is valid.
- `get_balance`: a getter method that allows external access to the balance.

3. **private attribute**: the `__balance` attribute is private, meaning it cannot be accessed directly outside of the class.

4. **error handling**: an attempt to access the pr ...

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