mRNA Translation (Advanced)

The job of the mRNA is to carry the gene's message from the DNA out of the nucleus to a ribosome for production of the particular protein that this gene codes for.
TRANSCRIPT: The job of this mRNA is to carry the genes message from the DNA out of the nuceus to a ribosome for production of the particular protein that this gene codes for. There can be several million ribosomes in a typical eukaryotic cell these complex catalytic machines use the mrna copy of the genetic information to assemble amino acid building blokes into the three dimensional proteins that are essential for life. Lets see how it works. The ribosome is composed of one large and one small sub-unit that assemble around the messenger RNA, which then passes through the ribosome like a computer tape. The amino acid building blocks (that's the small glowing red molecules) are carried into the ribosome attached to specific transfer RNAs. That's the larger green molecules also referred to as tRNA. The small sub-unit of the ribosome positions the mRNA so that it can be read in groups of three letters known as a codon. Each codon on the mRNA matches a corresponding anti-codon on the base of a transfer RNA molecule.The larger sub-unit of the ribosome removes each amino acid and join it onto the growing protein chain. As the mRNA is ratcheted through the ribosome, the mRNA sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence. There are three locations inside the ribosome, designated the A-site, the P-site and the E-site. The addition of each amino acid is a three step cycle: First, the tRNA enters the ribosome at the A-site and is tested for a codon/anti-codon match with the mRNA. Next, provided there is a correct match, the tRNA is shifted to the P-site and the amino acid it carries is added to the end of the amino acid chain. The mRNA is also ratcheted on three nucleotides or one codon. Thirdly, the spent tRNA is moved to the E-site and then ejected from the ribosome to be recycled. As the protein synthesis proceeds, the finished chain emerges from the ribosome. It folds up into a precise shape, determined by the exact order of amino acids. Thus the Central Dogma explains how the four letter DNA code is - quite literally - turned into flesh and blood.

[DNALearningCenter]

Visit us in Cold Spring Harbor, Brooklyn, or Sleepy Hollow!

[nick]

In a word, yes. There is also a helper molecule called EF-Tu that makes sure that the wrong matches bounce away when they happen to come to the A site, and makes sure the right matches stay in and don't just bounce out. The principle behind this is thermodynamics: everything is happening randomly, but only one road leads to Rome.

[Jmjholden]

"Like a computer tape" Oh ok

[FlashGamerFable]

I thought this was supposed to be advanced...

No discussion on initiation or elongation factors, nothing about release factors, nothing about wobble, aninoacyl-trna synthetase, the polarity of the tRNA, 30s 50s ribosomes subunits...

[NrityaSankalpa]

WOW!!! I wish I had these videos 25 years ago when I was studying! we studied from black and white text books with not so great diagrams.

[chrisfix]

Thanks for the info!!! Helped me understand how translation works!!!

[cringeydramaaccount]

This video has caused me to go into an existential crisis. How tf are my teeny tiny cells SO MUCH SMARTER THAN ME.

[melissarainchild]

Thank you. And indeed, this is as advanced as it gets (without getting into the molecular nitty-gritty)...worth noting is that the translation begins at the 5' side of the mRNA...just to be complete :)

[weylin]

This is really just good for sparking interest in genetics, I'm sure if this was truly 'advanced' I'd be leaving this video with a completely blown mind. I have no idea what these students are talking about below me, about the subunits and release factors, as the only videos that would probably explain those things are painfully dull 2 hour long lectures in 240p resolution.

[seanojha]

Was not prepared for the snarkiness of people saying "not advanced enough" lmao

[kbellijelli]

The DNA learning center that this channel is representing is for middle and high school students. It's listed as advanced because it's geared towards the more advanced of the students that attend classes there, not in general. 

[Artbyevelyn]

I’m here because this was uploaded 10 years ago and today we in a pandemic COVID-19
Vaccine using this technology. Not sure what to think of about this.

[MoreKevinLiang]

This is a more basic version, definitely. The Large prokaryotic subunit is 50S (Svedberg Units, or sedimentation rate). It has 5SRNA (120 nucleotides) 23S RNA (2900 nucleotides) and 34 proteins. Small subunit is 30S with 16SRNA -1540 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S is the site of antibiotic action. Eurkaryotic is 60S and 40S.

The steps are initiation, propagation and elongation, and wow I just realized that this video missed so much information.

[pedroadib]

i need to know how deep did they do to the realism on this animations.

[shelliearchibald]

Most people don't know that, originally, RNA was the preferred form of genetic material. Evolution switched to DNA because it was less prone to base mutations and hydrolysis; RNA already existed as the "go-between" between DNA and polypeptides. The process is ridiculously unfathomable, but all the more wonderful for it :)

[rhyfelwrDuw]

"For we are fearfully and wonderfully made"

[norman]

how do they know about this process in such a detail?
What is the methodology of gathering motion data of such a small units?

[judith]

Holy kittens, I can't believe I have this going on in my cells basically all the time. It looks like a perfectly choreographed ballet. I've been searching for this because I want to be able to explain how the mRNA vaccines work to people who still don't understand why I'm so enthusiastic about this new development in the history of vaccines, but now I'm so fascinated that I need to dig deeper.

[DarkAddictionx]

I watched this video to learn this for my microbiology class. Now 2 years later, this is happening right now inside my body after my vaccine :)

[deltawolf]

Good video but not "advanced" enough. Didn't mention Elongation factors or proof reading CCA arm, editing site, active site etc. If the latter isn't a part of the translation itself, EF's are. The EF's that bring the tRNA to the ribosome for instance. Or am I wrong?