Module 3 Classical Theory

The classical, or structural, theory of public administration does not normally admit of multiple theories, but centers around a complex set of variables, ideas and concepts that govern public administration, or state bureaucracy. Although there are many classical authors such as Luther Gulick, Henri Fayol or Lyndall Urwick, most of whom are writing in the early 20th century, there are several important themes attached to the classical theory. Classical administration theory centers on the division of labor. This theoretical approach defines “modernity” as the increasing specialization of labor. This means that a central bureaucracy must exist that keeps these functions coordinated and connected through an impersonal chain of command. Therefore, the emphasis in this approach is on both the decentralization of functions and specialties, and the centralization of administrative command to keep the functions working together. Classical theory stresses efficiency in organizational work. More abstractly, the classical theory stresses the fact that individuals have no intrinsic connection to one another. This assumption is often called “social atomism.” Individuals are isolated from one another naturally and, therefore, only the organization, through its chain of command and sense of mission, can unify individuals into a single, efficient and rational working unit. In this way, Classical theory can be understood in the study of Public Administration.