Arnold Kriegstein (UCSF) 1: Outer Subventricular Zone Radial Glia Cells - Brain Development

Dr. Arnold Kriegstein characterizes the development of neurons from radial glial cells and provides an overview of the use of cerebral organoids to study brain development and disease.

How do neurons develop to confer humans their unique brain functions? Dr. Arnold Kriegstein compares and contrasts the development of neurons from radial glial cells (RGCs) in mice and humans. In mice, RGCs give rise to most of the central nervous system’s neurons and glia and provide scaffolding for neurons to migrate. In contrast, human RGCs give rise to a unique set of cells, the outer subventricular zone radial glia (oRG) cells, which divide via mitotic somal translocation (MST). The oRG cells predominantly produce and guide the migration of the upper layer cortical neurons. Although rodents have oRG-like cells, these cells are more abundant in humans, and contribute to the large size of the human brain and possibly it’s unique function.

In his second talk, Kriegstein provides an overview of the use of cerebral organoids to study brain development and disease. Cerebral organoids are models that can be produced from induced pluripotent stem cells. Although organoids can contain the same broad categories of cell types found in the brain, organoids lack the structural, layer-like organization observed in the primary tissue. In addition, the gene expression profile is different between organoids and primary brain tissue. Nevertheless, although organoids do not reproduce all of the features of a developing human cortex, organoids can be a powerful model to study neuronal diseases and evolution, particularly when studying cells that cannot be found in animal models (e.g. oRG cells) or when scientists do not have access to primary brain tissue.

Speaker Biography:
Dr. Arnold Kriegstein is a Professor of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Director of the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research. He obtained his bachelors in biology and psychology at Yale University (1971), and his medical and doctoral degrees at the New York University (1977) under the supervision of Dr. Eric Kandel. Kriegstein completed a residency in Neurology at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital, and Beth Israel Hospital in Boston in 1981. He has held academic appointments at Stanford University (1981-1991), Yale University (1991-1993), and Columbia University (1993-2004). In 2004, Kriegstein joined the faculty in the Neurology Department at the University of California, San Francisco, where his lab studies the principles of neuronal development. In particular, they study how progenitor cells in the embryonic brain produce neurons. For his scientific contributions, he became a member of the National Academy of Medicine in 2008. Visit his lab website and learn more about Kriegstein’s research:

[soniccontrolclub]

Thank you for putting this very high technical context in plain language for me and affording all of us the opportunity to grow by understanding ourselves from within.

[juriwestendorf]

Thank you so much, Dr Kriegstein! The way you condense decades of work into one talk - INVALUABLE!

[Han]

What an AMAZING class! Thank you so much Dr Arnold Kriegstein!

[tyfoodsforthought]

That was really just incredible. You've all done very great and amazing work. Thank you so much for sharing, Dr. Kriegstein!

[Gary_Texan_USA]

Excellent presentation of your collaborative work on brain development, thanks!

[alejandrodominguezlago]

This is incredible. I will love to have a class like this in my university.

[neuropsychologist]

Brilliant master class! Thank you Dr Kriegstein. Downloaded a lot of your research in this area, which I’m now reading. I struggled a bit with this topic, and your visuals and presentation helped enormously.

[susannahhannaford]

This is a fantastic talk, and I will assign it to my undergraduate neurobiology course the next time I teach it. Thanks so much for integrating the experimental methods and the (evolving) models that the experimental data allows you to build.

[bupehara]

This was amazing to watch. Thank you so much

[dabinjeong]

Thank you for sharing your pioneering research online. 
outer radial glial cells(oRGs) is very interesting, and I believe fully understanding its role in cortical development will unleash the secrets to
a lot of human neurological disorders.

[ifyoureadthisyoudi]

15:11 I object to the exclusion of monotremes from the dendrogram. Very interesting mammals, with platypuses having smooth brains and echidnas having very heavily gyrated ones.

[avidey]

astonish ! one of the most clearly explained for human brain development . One issue of clarification: Genes mentioned here is the are the Mitocondria Genes whose main function is to produce ATP (energy that the brain needs) ?

[DavidMartinez-vocn]

Incredible talk, thank you so much! and congratulations for your wonderful research

[venugopal-irhq]

Amazing videos that make clear of neurogenesis, thank you, sir

[ianinaharms]

You're so good! I understand every word)) thanx!

[InquilineKea]

WOW, "supragranular layers (above layer 4) are dif in primates than other mammals - that's a great quote!!

[drashokkumar]

Amazing and Excellent .
But, I need to watch this video several times to absorb .
One question -- what do we know about the effects of Fused chromosome 2 on human brain, especially the Cerebral Cortex ?

[guytelfer]

What's the similarity between the cerebral cortex and the small intestine? Possible transparent vessels considering the substances in a vessel gives the vessel its color

[Claymor]

Dr. Arnold Kriegstein and iBiology channel, thank you so much for this incredible lecture! Could you please answer my 2 questions?
.
- Could you please clarify, what is the difference between outer subvenrticular zone radial glia cells and basal progenitor cells(intermediate progenitors)?
- When outer radial glia cells form their own fibres, does the VZ and ISVZ cells still contribute to the development of neurons, or they just self renew? Of course, with the exception that the VZ forms astrocytes. What does the ISVZ do then?

Thanks in advance to everyone who found time for my question!

[luisfernando-mmjt]

I am a fan of your talks shaw one about stem cells year ago