9 6 errors and exceptions chapter 9 input and output

chapter 9: input, output, and error handling in python

this chapter delves into the crucial aspects of input/output (i/o) operations and error handling in python. effective i/o allows your programs to interact with the outside world (files, networks, users), while robust error handling ensures your programs gracefully manage unexpected situations. we'll explore both, integrating them seamlessly.

**part 1: input and output**

python provides various ways to interact with the outside world. the most common methods are:

**1.1 standard input/output (stdin/stdout):**

* **`input()`:** reads a line of text from the standard input (typically the keyboard).

* **`print()`:** writes text to the standard output (typically the console). it's highly versatile:

**1.2 file input/output:**

file i/o lets your program read from and write to files.

* **opening files:** the `open()` function opens a file, returning a file object. the first argument is the filename; the second (optional) is the mode ('r' for reading, 'w' for writing, 'a' for appending, 'x' for exclusive creation, 'b' for binary mode, 't' for text mode – the default).

* **reading files:** several methods are available for reading files:
* `read()`: reads the entire file content into a single string.
* `readline()`: reads a single line from the file.
* `readlines()`: reads all lines into a list of strings.
* iterating over the file object directly reads line by line:

* **writing to files:**

* **appending to files:** use "a" mode to add to the end of an existing file.

**part 2: error handling (exceptions)**

errors can occur during program execution. python uses exceptions to handle these errors gracefully.

**2.1 `try...except` blocks:**

this is the core mechanism for exception handling.

**2.2 common exceptions:**

* `zerodivisionerror`: division by zero.
* `typeerror`: type mismatch in an operation.
* `nameerror`: using an undefined variable.
* `indexerror`: accessin ...

#ErrorsAndExceptions #InputOutput #numpy
errors
exceptions
input
output
exception handling
try-catch
file handling
error types
debugging
input validation
output formatting
exception hierarchy
runtime errors
data processing
error logging