Factory method pattern visualized

the factory method pattern is a creational design pattern that provides an interface for creating objects in a superclass, but allows subclasses to alter the type of objects that will be created. this pattern promotes loose coupling between the creator class and the product classes it creates.

visualizing the factory method pattern:

1. **creator (factory)**: this is an abstract class or interface that declares the factory method. this method is responsible for creating objects of a specific product type. the creator class may also contain other methods that operate on the products.

2. **concrete creator**: subclasses of the creator class implement the factory method to create specific instances of products.

3. **product**: this is an abstract class or interface that defines the interface of objects created by the factory method.

4. **concrete product**: subclasses of the product class implement specific product types.

now, let's see an example of the factory method pattern in action with a simple code example in python:

in this example, we have the `animal` interface representing the product, with `dog` and `cat` as concrete products. the `animalfactory` interface declares the factory method `create_animal`, and `dogfactory` and `catfactory` implement this method to create specific instances of products.

by using the factory method pattern, we can easily extend our system by adding new product types (animals) without modifying existing code. this pattern allows for flexibility and promotes maintainability in object creation.

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