python class attribute vs instance attribute

in python, attributes are variables that store information about an object. when working with classes, it's essential to understand the distinction between class attributes and instance attributes. this tutorial will explain the differences between the two and provide code examples to illustrate their usage.
a class attribute is a variable that is shared among all instances of a class. it is defined within the class but outside of any methods.
in this example, the species attribute is a class attribute. all instances of the dog class share the same value for species.
an instance attribute is a variable that is unique to each instance of a class. it is defined within the __init__ method and is specific to the object created.
here, make, model, and year are instance attributes. each instance of the car class has its own values for these attributes.
class attributes: use them when the attribute's value should be shared among all instances of the class. for example, constants or properties that remain constant across all instances.
instance attributes: use them when the attribute's value is specific to each instance of the class. these attributes capture the unique characteristics of each object.
understanding the difference between class attributes and instance attributes is crucial for effective object-oriented programming in python. class attributes provide shared data among instances, while instance attributes hold unique information for each object.
remember to use class attributes for properties that are common across all instances and instance attributes for properties that vary between instances. this distinction contributes to the flexibility and maintainability of your code.
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