Electrically conductive membranes exhibiting joule heating effect

A special membrane is created from carbon nano structures that can conduct electricity, creating a Joule heater that warms up the feed solution as it passes through. The concept relies on using electrically-conductive membrane that has a certain resistance. Upon the passing of an electric current, the membrane heats up via joule heating effect. This concept reports self-heated membrane that can heat up the feed solution directly at the interface, reducing the amount of energy needed.