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Difference between pro and eukaryotes, Kingdom Monera (Online Lecture)
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Characteristics of monera:
(1) They are typically unicellular organisms (but one group is mycelial).
(2) The genetic material is naked circular DNA, not enclose by nuclear envelope.
(3) Ribosomes and simple chromatophores are the only subcellular organelles in the cytoplasm. The ribosomes are 70 S. Mitochondria, plastids, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, centrosome, etc., are lacking.
(4) Sap vacuoles do not occur. Instead, gas vacuole may be present.
(5) The predominant mode of nutrition is absorptive but some groups are photosynthetic (holophytic) and chemosynthetic.
(6) The organisms are non-motile or move by beating of simple flagella or by gliding.
(7) Flagella, if present, are composed of many intertwined chains of a protein flagellin. They are not enclosed by any membrane and grow at the tip.
(8) Moneran cells are microscopic (1 to few microns in length).
(9) Most organisms bear a rigid cell wall (Peptidoglycan).
Antony Von Leeuwenhoek is known as father of microbiology and father of modern microbiology is Robert Koch.
Size : 0.3-10 m.Shape: Cocci, Bacilli , Spirillum, Vibrios
Gram positive bacteria : e.g., Pneumococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces
Gram negative bacteria : e.g., Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Vibrio, Rhizobium.
Volutin granules :composed of polyphosphate. Volutin serves as a reserve source of phosphate.
Poly--hydroxy butyric acid granules (PHB) : .
Glycogen and Sulphur granules : Glycogen are also known as polysaccharide granules. It can be stained brown with iodine.
(5) Nucleoid : It is also known as genophore, naked nucleus, incipient nucleus.
(6) Plasmid : In addition to the normal DNA chromosomes many bacteria (e.g., E.coli) have extra chromosomal genetic elements or DNA. These elements are called plasmids. Plasmids are small circular double stranded DNA molecules. The plasmid DNA replicates independently maintains independent identity and may carry some important genes. Plasmid terms was given by Lederberg (1952). Some plasmids are integrating into the bacterial DNA chromosome called episomes.
Reproduction in bacteria:
By budding
conidia : Actinomycetes
Lederberg and Tatum (1946) proved that sexual reproduction (it is Parasexual) takes place in bacteria. On the basis of this discovery they were awarded Nobel Prize.
According to the present view, three types of parasexual reproduction:
(1) Transformation: In this process one kind of bacterium is transformed into another kind. It takes place by transferring DNA from capsulated to non-capsulated bacterium. For the first time Griffith (1928) reported transformation in mice. Later on, Avery, Mcleod and McCarty (1944) studied transformation in Diplococcus pneumoniae.
(2) Transduction : In this process DNA of a bacterial cell is transferred into another bacterial cell through bacteriophage – a kind of virus which is parasitic upon bacteria. Bacteriophage consists of DNA. It has been now accepted that DNA of a bacterial cell is transferred through bacteriophage to another bacterium. Transduction was first of all reported by N.D. Zinder and Lederberg (1952) in bacteria Salmonella typhimurium.
(3) Conjugation : In this process genetic material from one strain of bacterium which is known as male is transferred into another strain of bacterium which is known as female. Lederberg and Tatum first of all reported conjugation in bacterial strain of E.coli called K12 (1946). In 1966, Wollman and Jacob described it in details.
Obligate aerobes:Bacillus subtilis, Azotobactor, Arthrobactor, Mycobacterium
Facultative anaerobes : Aerobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
Obligate anaerobes : Clostridium botulinum.
Facultative aerobes: Chlorobium limicola.
Photoautotrophic bacteria: Green sulphur (Thiothrix, Clorobium) and purple sulphur (Chromatiun) bacteria. They can perform photosynthesis in far-red light. Rhodospirillum.
Chemoautotrophic bacteria:
Sulphur bacteria : These bacteria derive energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulphide or molecular sulphur. Beggiatoa
Iron bacteria : Gallionella, Sphaerotilus, Ferrobacillus.
Hydrogen bacteria: Hydrogenomonas
Nitrifying bacteria: Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter
Methane bacteria: Methanomonas
Paratyphoid- Salmonella paratyphi
Gastroenteritis- Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli
Dysentery- Shiegella dysenteriae, S. sonnei, S. boydii
Tularaemia- Francisella tularensis
Influenza- Haemophilus influenzae
PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Black chaff of wheat- Xanthomonas translucens
Wilt of maize- Xanthomonas stewartii
Gummosis of sugarcane- Xanthomonas asculorum
Red stripe of sugarcane- Pseudomonas rubrilineans
Ring rot of potato- Corynebacterium.
Canker of tomato -Corynebacterium michiganense
Leaf spot of Lady’s finger- Xanthomonas esculenti
Hairy rot of apple- Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Black knot of grapes- Pseudomonas tumefaciens
(1) They are typically unicellular organisms (but one group is mycelial).
(2) The genetic material is naked circular DNA, not enclose by nuclear envelope.
(3) Ribosomes and simple chromatophores are the only subcellular organelles in the cytoplasm. The ribosomes are 70 S. Mitochondria, plastids, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, centrosome, etc., are lacking.
(4) Sap vacuoles do not occur. Instead, gas vacuole may be present.
(5) The predominant mode of nutrition is absorptive but some groups are photosynthetic (holophytic) and chemosynthetic.
(6) The organisms are non-motile or move by beating of simple flagella or by gliding.
(7) Flagella, if present, are composed of many intertwined chains of a protein flagellin. They are not enclosed by any membrane and grow at the tip.
(8) Moneran cells are microscopic (1 to few microns in length).
(9) Most organisms bear a rigid cell wall (Peptidoglycan).
Antony Von Leeuwenhoek is known as father of microbiology and father of modern microbiology is Robert Koch.
Size : 0.3-10 m.Shape: Cocci, Bacilli , Spirillum, Vibrios
Gram positive bacteria : e.g., Pneumococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces
Gram negative bacteria : e.g., Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Vibrio, Rhizobium.
Volutin granules :composed of polyphosphate. Volutin serves as a reserve source of phosphate.
Poly--hydroxy butyric acid granules (PHB) : .
Glycogen and Sulphur granules : Glycogen are also known as polysaccharide granules. It can be stained brown with iodine.
(5) Nucleoid : It is also known as genophore, naked nucleus, incipient nucleus.
(6) Plasmid : In addition to the normal DNA chromosomes many bacteria (e.g., E.coli) have extra chromosomal genetic elements or DNA. These elements are called plasmids. Plasmids are small circular double stranded DNA molecules. The plasmid DNA replicates independently maintains independent identity and may carry some important genes. Plasmid terms was given by Lederberg (1952). Some plasmids are integrating into the bacterial DNA chromosome called episomes.
Reproduction in bacteria:
By budding
conidia : Actinomycetes
Lederberg and Tatum (1946) proved that sexual reproduction (it is Parasexual) takes place in bacteria. On the basis of this discovery they were awarded Nobel Prize.
According to the present view, three types of parasexual reproduction:
(1) Transformation: In this process one kind of bacterium is transformed into another kind. It takes place by transferring DNA from capsulated to non-capsulated bacterium. For the first time Griffith (1928) reported transformation in mice. Later on, Avery, Mcleod and McCarty (1944) studied transformation in Diplococcus pneumoniae.
(2) Transduction : In this process DNA of a bacterial cell is transferred into another bacterial cell through bacteriophage – a kind of virus which is parasitic upon bacteria. Bacteriophage consists of DNA. It has been now accepted that DNA of a bacterial cell is transferred through bacteriophage to another bacterium. Transduction was first of all reported by N.D. Zinder and Lederberg (1952) in bacteria Salmonella typhimurium.
(3) Conjugation : In this process genetic material from one strain of bacterium which is known as male is transferred into another strain of bacterium which is known as female. Lederberg and Tatum first of all reported conjugation in bacterial strain of E.coli called K12 (1946). In 1966, Wollman and Jacob described it in details.
Obligate aerobes:Bacillus subtilis, Azotobactor, Arthrobactor, Mycobacterium
Facultative anaerobes : Aerobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
Obligate anaerobes : Clostridium botulinum.
Facultative aerobes: Chlorobium limicola.
Photoautotrophic bacteria: Green sulphur (Thiothrix, Clorobium) and purple sulphur (Chromatiun) bacteria. They can perform photosynthesis in far-red light. Rhodospirillum.
Chemoautotrophic bacteria:
Sulphur bacteria : These bacteria derive energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulphide or molecular sulphur. Beggiatoa
Iron bacteria : Gallionella, Sphaerotilus, Ferrobacillus.
Hydrogen bacteria: Hydrogenomonas
Nitrifying bacteria: Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter
Methane bacteria: Methanomonas
Paratyphoid- Salmonella paratyphi
Gastroenteritis- Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli
Dysentery- Shiegella dysenteriae, S. sonnei, S. boydii
Tularaemia- Francisella tularensis
Influenza- Haemophilus influenzae
PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Black chaff of wheat- Xanthomonas translucens
Wilt of maize- Xanthomonas stewartii
Gummosis of sugarcane- Xanthomonas asculorum
Red stripe of sugarcane- Pseudomonas rubrilineans
Ring rot of potato- Corynebacterium.
Canker of tomato -Corynebacterium michiganense
Leaf spot of Lady’s finger- Xanthomonas esculenti
Hairy rot of apple- Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Black knot of grapes- Pseudomonas tumefaciens
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