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💯√ Alcohols | Production of Materials
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Alkanols's general formula: ROH, where R = alkyl group and OH = hydroxyl group. The way to find naming alkanols is find the longest carbon chain (alkyl -) that contains the hydroxyl group, give the smallest number for the position of hydroxyl group, name and number the alkyl groups and alcohols (alkanol or alkyl alcohol) and if there are more than one hydroxyl group use di- or tri-.
The hydroxyl group gives the alkanols their special physical properties. If we examine the melting and boiling points of ethanol and its related alkane and alkene we see a vast difference. Ethanol melting point is –114.1 and boiling point is 78.3, Ethane melting point is –183.3 and boiling point is –88.6, Ethene melting point is –169.2 and boiling point is –103.7. the presence of the hydroxyl group gives the ethanol a higher melting and boiling point than the corresponding alkanes and alkenes. The –OH group makes the ethanol molecule polar.
Ethanol forms hydro¬gen bonds with other ethanol molecules, producing the higher boiling point. The –OH group also allows ethanol to dissolve in water since ethanol can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Ethanol is the most commonly used alkanol as a solvent in industry, laboratory and pharmaceuticals. Ethanol can dissolve polar substances, such as water, and also non-polar substances, such as alkanes and halogens.
Alcohols can be classified according to the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon to which the -OH group is attached. A primary alcohol is one in which one carbon and two hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon atom joined to the alcohol group. In secondary and tertiary alcohols the carbon atom attached to the -OH group has two and three carbon atoms bonded to it respectively. Examples of these three classes of alcohols. Note that the alcohols are all structural isomers having the molecular formula C4H10O.
Functional group: -OH (hydroxyl group)
Alkanols
• General formula: ROH, where R = alkyl group and OH = hydroxyl group
Naming alkanols
• Find the longest carbon chain (alkyl -) that contains the hydroxyl group
• Give the smallest number for the position of the hydroxyl group
• Name and number the alkyl groups and alcohols (alkanol or alkyl alcohol)
• If there are more than one hydroxyl group use di- or tri-
The longest chain of this alcohol is penta carbon and it has a hydroxyl group at C2 position, not C4. Therefore its systematic name is 2-pentanol.
The longest chain of the alcohol is hepta carbon and it has a hydroxyl group at C3 position. Therefore its systematic name is 3-heptanol.
The longest chain of the alcohol is penta carbon and it has two hydroxyl groups at C2 and C3 positions. Therefore its systematic name is 2,3-pentanediol or pentane-2,3-diol.
Properties of alkanols:
The hydroxyl group gives the alkanols their special physical properties. If we examine the melting and boiling points of ethanol and its related alkane and alkene we see a vast difference.
We can see that the presence of the hydroxyl group gives the ethanol a higher melting and boiling point than the corresponding alkanes and alkenes. The –OH group makes the ethanol molecule polar. Ethanol forms hydro¬gen bonds with other ethanol molecules, producing the higher boiling point. The –OH group also allows ethanol to dissolve in water since ethanol can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Although polar, ethanol is miscible with some non-polar solvents such as hexane.
Ethanol is the most commonly used alkanol as a solvent in industry, laboratory and pharmaceuticals. Ethanol can dissolve polar substances, such as water, and also non-polar substances, such as alkanes and halogens. Ethanol contains a polar hydroxyl group that can form hydrogen bonding with polar substances and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain that can interact with non-polar substances through dispersion force. Alcohols can be classified according to the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon to which the -OH group is attached.
A primary alcohol is one in which one carbon and two hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon atom joined to the alcohol group. In secondary and tertiary alcohols the carbon atom attached to the -OH group has two and three carbon atoms bonded to it respectively. The strength of the hydrogen bonding in alcohols depends on the extent to which the -OH group is exposed and available for bonding.
The -OH group is most exposed in primary alcohols and least exposed in tertiary alcohols. Hence while all three classes of alcohols exhibit some common properties there are differences in both their physical and chemical properties. For example, primary alcohols have higher boiling points than secondary alcohols which in turn have higher boiling points than tertiary alcohols.
Alkanols's general formula: ROH, where R = alkyl group and OH = hydroxyl group. The way to find naming alkanols is find the longest carbon chain (alkyl -) that contains the hydroxyl group, give the smallest number for the position of hydroxyl group, name and number the alkyl groups and alcohols (alkanol or alkyl alcohol) and if there are more than one hydroxyl group use di- or tri-.
The hydroxyl group gives the alkanols their special physical properties. If we examine the melting and boiling points of ethanol and its related alkane and alkene we see a vast difference. Ethanol melting point is –114.1 and boiling point is 78.3, Ethane melting point is –183.3 and boiling point is –88.6, Ethene melting point is –169.2 and boiling point is –103.7. the presence of the hydroxyl group gives the ethanol a higher melting and boiling point than the corresponding alkanes and alkenes. The –OH group makes the ethanol molecule polar.
Ethanol forms hydro¬gen bonds with other ethanol molecules, producing the higher boiling point. The –OH group also allows ethanol to dissolve in water since ethanol can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Ethanol is the most commonly used alkanol as a solvent in industry, laboratory and pharmaceuticals. Ethanol can dissolve polar substances, such as water, and also non-polar substances, such as alkanes and halogens.
Alcohols can be classified according to the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon to which the -OH group is attached. A primary alcohol is one in which one carbon and two hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon atom joined to the alcohol group. In secondary and tertiary alcohols the carbon atom attached to the -OH group has two and three carbon atoms bonded to it respectively. Examples of these three classes of alcohols. Note that the alcohols are all structural isomers having the molecular formula C4H10O.
Functional group: -OH (hydroxyl group)
Alkanols
• General formula: ROH, where R = alkyl group and OH = hydroxyl group
Naming alkanols
• Find the longest carbon chain (alkyl -) that contains the hydroxyl group
• Give the smallest number for the position of the hydroxyl group
• Name and number the alkyl groups and alcohols (alkanol or alkyl alcohol)
• If there are more than one hydroxyl group use di- or tri-
The longest chain of this alcohol is penta carbon and it has a hydroxyl group at C2 position, not C4. Therefore its systematic name is 2-pentanol.
The longest chain of the alcohol is hepta carbon and it has a hydroxyl group at C3 position. Therefore its systematic name is 3-heptanol.
The longest chain of the alcohol is penta carbon and it has two hydroxyl groups at C2 and C3 positions. Therefore its systematic name is 2,3-pentanediol or pentane-2,3-diol.
Properties of alkanols:
The hydroxyl group gives the alkanols their special physical properties. If we examine the melting and boiling points of ethanol and its related alkane and alkene we see a vast difference.
We can see that the presence of the hydroxyl group gives the ethanol a higher melting and boiling point than the corresponding alkanes and alkenes. The –OH group makes the ethanol molecule polar. Ethanol forms hydro¬gen bonds with other ethanol molecules, producing the higher boiling point. The –OH group also allows ethanol to dissolve in water since ethanol can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Although polar, ethanol is miscible with some non-polar solvents such as hexane.
Ethanol is the most commonly used alkanol as a solvent in industry, laboratory and pharmaceuticals. Ethanol can dissolve polar substances, such as water, and also non-polar substances, such as alkanes and halogens. Ethanol contains a polar hydroxyl group that can form hydrogen bonding with polar substances and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain that can interact with non-polar substances through dispersion force. Alcohols can be classified according to the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon to which the -OH group is attached.
A primary alcohol is one in which one carbon and two hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon atom joined to the alcohol group. In secondary and tertiary alcohols the carbon atom attached to the -OH group has two and three carbon atoms bonded to it respectively. The strength of the hydrogen bonding in alcohols depends on the extent to which the -OH group is exposed and available for bonding.
The -OH group is most exposed in primary alcohols and least exposed in tertiary alcohols. Hence while all three classes of alcohols exhibit some common properties there are differences in both their physical and chemical properties. For example, primary alcohols have higher boiling points than secondary alcohols which in turn have higher boiling points than tertiary alcohols.
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