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Albert Einstein's Gravitational Waves Discovered
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Scientists have confirmed Albert Einstein's 100 year-old theory of gravitational waves, detected using a massive system of instruments called the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO).
Credit to Caltech's LIGO project for most of the media used in this video:
For the full story behind this discovery, click here:
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Music:
"All This - Scoring Action" and
"Decisions"
Script:
1.3 billion years ago two massive, whirling black holes collided, sending a gravitational ripple through the spacetime fabric of the Universe.
Like a tsunami moving through the ocean, that wave passed through space until it washed past Earth last September.
100 years ago, Albert Einstein predicted exactly this type of event--that massive objects moving in certain ways will cause spacetime ripples, or gravitational waves. But the technology did not exist back then to try and catch one of those waves and after a few years even Einstein himself began questioning the theory. It must have been incredibly bewildering and frustrating to theorize on such a grand scale, but constantly run into the limitations of man’s ability to verify the interstellar events that your core scientific ideas are based on.
Time passed.
And in 1979, after a series of advances in gravitational astrophysics, the National Science Foundation greenlit Caltech (the California Institute of Technology) and MIT (the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) to develop a design for a gigantic instrument capable of detecting Einstein’s gravitational waves.
Fifteen years later, in 1994, construction began on the $250 million Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory, or LIGO, which is a pair of L-shaped devices with arms 4 kilometers long--one in Washington state and the other in Louisiana.
They are essentially laser rulers, so precise they can detect differences as small as 1/1,000 of a proton’s width. Theoretically, that sensitivity allows them to see a gravitational wave as it moves by and stretches the arms just enough to cause the laser light to warble.
But for the first eight years LIGO gathered data it did not detect any waves, so an additional $205 million was spent upgrading the system.
On the morning of September 14, 2015, when the advanced LIGO had just come back online after 5 years of refurbishments, lo and behold, it caught a wave! Both LIGO detection locations recorded the same exact changes in frequency.
“I knew that there was something going on because I subscribe to the logs.
This particular log pointed to something that looked like it might actually be a gravitational wave.
What I saw is what called a time frequency plot called a chirp and it was strong, it was unbelievably stronger than anything I expected to be a first detection. It was so strong you could see it by eye and here is the chirp at Hanford, WA and there was the chirp at Livingston, LA, and I though ‘my God, this looks like it’s it.’
It was just perfect. In fact it was almost too good to be true. When I looked at it I said, ‘somebody must have done something wrong and injected a signal.’
Nobody right away believed it. Everybody thought it was a fluke—it was too good. And it took us a while to get to the point where all of us believe it.
It’s monumental. It’s like Galileo using the telescope for the first time.
They’re moving at the velocity of light. Damn near that velocity. Thirty solar masses moving that fast, I mean they’re putting out incredible amounts of energy.
And when they collide with one another they produce a bigger black hole, but they also produce gravitational waves. And in that process about three solar masses just disappears and goes into gravitational waves.
Oh its going to be amazing. We have always said that this is going to be a field called Gravitational Wave Astronomy.
Gravitational waves carry information that you can’t get from any other way. A supernova, two neutron stars colliding, even the Big Bang itself - the beginning of the Universe - all produce gravitational waves.
This first detection by LIGO is the very first step. It’s just the start of the story nature is about to tell us.
I would love to see Einstein’s face. I mean he would have been as dumbfounded as we are because it’s a wonderful proof that all of this incredible stuff of strong-field gravity is in his equations. Just imagine that! To me that’s a miracle!”
Credit to Caltech's LIGO project for most of the media used in this video:
For the full story behind this discovery, click here:
Subscribe to TDC:
Like our page on Facebook
Join us on Google+
Follow us on Twitter
Music:
"All This - Scoring Action" and
"Decisions"
Script:
1.3 billion years ago two massive, whirling black holes collided, sending a gravitational ripple through the spacetime fabric of the Universe.
Like a tsunami moving through the ocean, that wave passed through space until it washed past Earth last September.
100 years ago, Albert Einstein predicted exactly this type of event--that massive objects moving in certain ways will cause spacetime ripples, or gravitational waves. But the technology did not exist back then to try and catch one of those waves and after a few years even Einstein himself began questioning the theory. It must have been incredibly bewildering and frustrating to theorize on such a grand scale, but constantly run into the limitations of man’s ability to verify the interstellar events that your core scientific ideas are based on.
Time passed.
And in 1979, after a series of advances in gravitational astrophysics, the National Science Foundation greenlit Caltech (the California Institute of Technology) and MIT (the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) to develop a design for a gigantic instrument capable of detecting Einstein’s gravitational waves.
Fifteen years later, in 1994, construction began on the $250 million Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory, or LIGO, which is a pair of L-shaped devices with arms 4 kilometers long--one in Washington state and the other in Louisiana.
They are essentially laser rulers, so precise they can detect differences as small as 1/1,000 of a proton’s width. Theoretically, that sensitivity allows them to see a gravitational wave as it moves by and stretches the arms just enough to cause the laser light to warble.
But for the first eight years LIGO gathered data it did not detect any waves, so an additional $205 million was spent upgrading the system.
On the morning of September 14, 2015, when the advanced LIGO had just come back online after 5 years of refurbishments, lo and behold, it caught a wave! Both LIGO detection locations recorded the same exact changes in frequency.
“I knew that there was something going on because I subscribe to the logs.
This particular log pointed to something that looked like it might actually be a gravitational wave.
What I saw is what called a time frequency plot called a chirp and it was strong, it was unbelievably stronger than anything I expected to be a first detection. It was so strong you could see it by eye and here is the chirp at Hanford, WA and there was the chirp at Livingston, LA, and I though ‘my God, this looks like it’s it.’
It was just perfect. In fact it was almost too good to be true. When I looked at it I said, ‘somebody must have done something wrong and injected a signal.’
Nobody right away believed it. Everybody thought it was a fluke—it was too good. And it took us a while to get to the point where all of us believe it.
It’s monumental. It’s like Galileo using the telescope for the first time.
They’re moving at the velocity of light. Damn near that velocity. Thirty solar masses moving that fast, I mean they’re putting out incredible amounts of energy.
And when they collide with one another they produce a bigger black hole, but they also produce gravitational waves. And in that process about three solar masses just disappears and goes into gravitational waves.
Oh its going to be amazing. We have always said that this is going to be a field called Gravitational Wave Astronomy.
Gravitational waves carry information that you can’t get from any other way. A supernova, two neutron stars colliding, even the Big Bang itself - the beginning of the Universe - all produce gravitational waves.
This first detection by LIGO is the very first step. It’s just the start of the story nature is about to tell us.
I would love to see Einstein’s face. I mean he would have been as dumbfounded as we are because it’s a wonderful proof that all of this incredible stuff of strong-field gravity is in his equations. Just imagine that! To me that’s a miracle!”
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