Campylobacter Jejuni | Microbiology

Definition

Campylobacter jejuni is a species of Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans.

Epidemiology

1. Prevalence: Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for an estimated 400,000 to 1.3 million cases annually in the United States.
2. Transmission: Typically spread through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with infected animals, especially poultry and cattle.
3. Risk factors: Consuming undercooked poultry, unpasteurized dairy products, or contaminated water increases the risk of infection.

Clinical Features

1. Symptoms: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, headache, and nausea.
2. Incubation period: Typically 2-5 days after exposure.
3. Duration: Symptoms usually last 3-7 days.

Diagnosis

1. Stool culture: Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from stool samples is the gold standard for diagnosis.
2. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Molecular testing can also detect the presence of Campylobacter jejuni DNA in stool samples.

Treatment

1. Fluid replacement: Rehydration with electrolyte-rich fluids is essential to prevent dehydration.
2. Antibiotics: Azithromycin or erythromycin are commonly used to treat Campylobacter jejuni infections, especially in severe cases or for high-risk individuals (e.g., immunocompromised patients).

Prevention

1. Proper food handling: Handle and cook poultry and other foods safely to prevent cross-contamination.
2. Safe water sources: Use safe and treated water sources to reduce the risk of infection.
3. Good hygiene: Practice good hygiene, including handwashing, especially after handling animals or their waste.