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Hall Effect Sensors

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Hall sensors, what are they, hoy they work and how to use them.
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Hall Effect sensors come in two basic types:
1. Threshold (alternatively called digital, or on-off), which produce a constant hall voltage when the field strength reaches a certain amplitude and/or polarity. There are many different threshold device configurations such as latching devices which turn on when a positive field strength reaches the threshold but only turn off under a negative field of the same strength, or devices which turn on when only a positive field reaches a certain threshold and are off otherwise, or devices which turn on when either a positive or negative field reaches the threshold and are off otherwise, etc. Certain devices even have programmable thresholds.
2. Linear, (analog output sensor) which produced a hall voltage proportional to the strength of the magnetic field around it. The orientation of the surrounding magnetic field determines the polarity of the voltage swing. Linear devices are more often used in musical applications, when expressive gestures must be sensed as tiny changes in position.
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