Sort Colors || Leetcode || Approach || c++

The provided solution uses the Dutch National Flag algorithm to efficiently sort an array containing only the integers 0, 1, and 2. The algorithm initializes three pointers: l (low) at the start of the array, m (mid) also at the start, and h (high) at the end of the array. It processes the array in a single pass using these pointers. As it iterates, if the current element (nums[m]) is 0, it swaps it with the element at l, increments both l and m, thereby expanding the section of 0s. If nums[m] is 1, it simply moves m to the next element. If nums[m] is 2, it swaps it with the element at h and decrements h without moving m, thereby expanding the section of 2s from the end. This way, the algorithm ensures all 0s are at the beginning, all 2s at the end, and all 1s in the middle, achieving the sorted order in linear time and constant space.

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