6 ways to setting default values in javascript

in javascript, setting default values can enhance code readability and prevent errors. here are six common methods:

1. **function parameters**: default values can be assigned directly in function definitions, allowing parameters to take on specified values if not provided.

2. **logical or (||) operator**: this operator can be used to assign a value if the initial value is falsy (like `undefined`, `null`, `0`, etc.), providing a fallback.

3. **nullish coalescing operator (??)**: this operator returns the right-hand operand when the left-hand operand is `null` or `undefined`, making it useful for setting defaults without false positives.

4. **object destructuring**: when destructuring objects, default values can be assigned to variables, ensuring they hold expected values even if the source object lacks them.

5. **class constructors**: in classes, default values for properties can be set within the constructor, ensuring every instance starts with defined attributes.

6. **using iife (immediately invoked function expressions)**: this technique allows for default values to be set in a local scope, providing encapsulation and flexibility.
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