The Problems of Philosophy by Bertrand Russell Full HQ Audiobook

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The Problems of Philosophy is a 1912 book by the philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author attempts to create a brief and accessible guide to the problems of philosophy. He introduces philosophy as a repeating series of attempts to answer the same questions: Can we prove that there is an external world? Can we prove cause and effect? Can we validate any of our generalizations? Can we objectively justify morality? He asserts that philosophy cannot answer any of these questions and that any value of philosophy must lie elsewhere than in offering proofs to these questions. Wittgenstein suggested further that these questions are empty and the value of philosophy is as an assistant to science.

Focusing on problems he believes will provoke positive and constructive discussion, Russell concentrates on knowledge rather than metaphysics: If it is uncertain that external objects exist, how can we then have knowledge of them but by probability. There is no reason to doubt the existence of external objects simply because of sense data.

Russell guides the reader through his famous 1910 distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description and introduces important theories of Plato, Aristotle, René Descartes, David Hume, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and others to lay the foundation for philosophical inquiry by general readers and scholars alike.

Preface:
“In the following pages I have confined myself in the main to those problems of philosophy in regard to which I thought it possible to say something positive and constructive, since merely negative criticism seemed out of place. For this reason, theory of knowledge occupies a larger space than metaphysics in the present volume, and some topics much discussed by philosophers are treated very briefly, if at all.”
— Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy

Content:
00:00 - PREFACE
00:45 - CHAPTER I. APPEARANCE AND REALITY
14:59 - CHAPTER II. THE EXISTENCE OF MATTER
28:39 - CHAPTER III. THE NATURE OF MATTER
41:17 - CHAPTER IV. IDEALISM
52:50 - CHAPTER V. KNOWLEDGE BY ACQUAINTANCE AND KNOWLEDGE BY DESCRIPTION
01:10:37 - CHAPTER VI. ON INDUCTION
01:25:04 - CHAPTER VII. ON OUR KNOWLEDGE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES
01:40:13 - CHAPTER VIII. HOW A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE IS POSSIBLE
01:52:20 - CHAPTER IX. THE WORLD OF UNIVERSALS
02:06:44 - CHAPTER X. ON OUR KNOWLEDGE OF UNIVERSALS
02:19:35 - CHAPTER XI. ON INTUITIVE KNOWLEDGE
02:29:20 - CHAPTER XII. TRUTH AND FALSEHOOD
02:44:24 - CHAPTER XIII. KNOWLEDGE, ERROR, AND PROBABLE OPINION
02:58:37 - CHAPTER XIV. THE LIMITS OF PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
03:14:34 - CHAPTER XV. THE VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY
03:27:05 - BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE #Philosophy
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