a complete guide to python string formatting

certainly! string formatting in python is a powerful feature that allows you to create and manipulate strings dynamically. this guide will cover various methods for formatting strings in python, including the old-style formatting, the newer `format()` method, and the f-string (formatted string literals) introduced in python 3.6.

1. old-style formatting (`%` operator)

this is the traditional way of formatting strings in python, which uses the `%` operator.

syntax:

```python
"string % values"
```

example:

```python
name = "alice"
age = 30
formatted_string = "my name is %s and i am %d years old." % (name, age)
print(formatted_string)
```

output:

```
my name is alice and i am 30 years old.
```

format specifiers:

- `%s` - string
- `%d` - integer
- `%f` - float
- `%x` - hexadecimal

syntax:

```python
"string {}".format(values)
```

example:

```python
name = "alice"
age = 30
formatted_string = "my name is {} and i am {} years old.".format(name, age)
print(formatted_string)
```

output:

```
my name is alice and i am 30 years old.
```

positional and keyword arguments:

you can use positional `{0}`, `{1}` or keyword arguments `{name}`.

```python
formatted_string = "my name is {0} and i am {1} years old.".format(name, age)
print(formatted_string)

using keyword arguments
formatted_string = "my name is {name} and i am {age} years old.".format(name=name, age=age)
print(formatted_string)
```

3. f-strings (formatted string literals)

f-strings, or formatted string literals, are a concise and readable way to format strings, introduced in python 3.6. they allow you to embed expressions directly within string literals, using curly braces `{}`.

syntax:

```python
f"string {expression}"
```

example:

```python
name = "alice"
age = 30
formatted_string = f"my name is {name} and i am {age} years old."
print(format ...

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