74,963 Kinds of Ice

Correction: 6:33 Dipole moments are typically represented going positive to negative, rather than negative to positive.

There are somewhere between 20 and 74,963 kinds of ice. Water can do all kinds of weird stuff when it freezes. So far scientists have experimentally shown crystal structures for 19 kinds of ice. Or maybe 20, depending on who you ask. We’re going to charge through as many as we can in ten minutes or so.
#chemistry #kindsofice #hydrogenbonds

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Credits:
Executive Producer:
Matthew Radcliff

Producers:
Elaine Seward
Andrew Sobey
Darren Weaver

Writer/Host:
Alex Dainis

Scientific Consultants:
Leila Duman, Ph.D.
Thomas Loerting, Ph.D.
Brianne Raccor, Ph.D.
Christoph Salzmann, Ph.D.
Christina Tonauer

Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Reactions is a production of the American Chemical Society.
© 2022 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Sources:
Snowflake symmetry, hexagonal ice

Cubic Ice in the atmosphere

Overviews of many different structures of crystalline ice


Ice VII in diamonds

Sublattices of Ice VI and VII

Extreme structure of Ice X

3D structures of Ice

Water structure and science

Crystal forms of ice

Ice IV is metastable and disordered

Amorphous ice

Computational ice modeling

[ACSReactions]

That amorphous ice we mentioned? It forms when water is cooled to its glass transition temperature (remember that from our Pop Rocks episode?) in milliseconds, meaning there’s not enough time for all these ordered structures we talked about to form. And it has multiple forms: low-density, high-density, and very-high-density! I love when chemists just add “very” to a name.

[helloworld]

It is the best video I have seen about ice phases. I knew they existed, but I was always curious aboit the structures. I ended with way more questions than answers.

[hugovandenhoek]

Yes, I would love to know more about amorphous ice!!!

In fact, I'm working with amorphous ice every day. Our lab flash-freezes biological cells at rates over 1 million Kelvin per second (using liquid ethane) to obtain vitreously frozen samples. We then cut a thin slice out of our cells using a Gallium ion beam, and take many tilted images using a big electron microscope of that thin slab. Thus recreating a 3D "snapshot" of the living cell and its contents, teaching us a lot about how proteinaceous molecular machines create what we call "life". Amorphous ice is crucial, as the electrons in the microscope are otherwise diffracted by the ice crystals, totally messing with the electron signal. So we have to flash-freeze our samples, and importantly, keep them under -160° C at all times, to prevent crystal reformation!

So I'm working with this stuff daily, yet I don't know anything about the details of amorphous ice. So I would love to hear more!! Cheers!!

[vdevov]

Always love an Alex video! I already do love weird ice, but I’m sure she could figure how to make a blank wall into a fun and interesting science video!

[jacksonstarky]

Okay, we need that amorphous ice video. Water and ice are fascinating; this is my favourite video since "You Don't Understand Water" 🙂

[lopiid]

YES, I want to learn about amorphous ice! I also want to know how and why there is a possibility of a specific number of 74, 963 types of H2O ice.

[cinnis]

Really glad that you guys made a vide on this! I just learned about the different kinds of ice, went on youtube to learn more, searched "all types of ice" and none of the videos recommended would talk about more than 1 or 2 types.

This video on the other hand was very informative and definitely sated my curiosity. Thanks for making it!

[thomassidlinger]

This is my favorite science video ever

[__-oewn]

This is a crazy good video talking about different type of ice, crystal structure, log spot, full of energy I can feel.

[yesthatsam]

Great vid and awesome energy from Alex ! We need the amorphous ice video more than anything now :)

[PloverTechOfficial]

I love the many things pressure can do to usually normal chemicals. So cool!

[MrMysticphantom]

you just leave that amorphous ice thing dangling right there... man... that feels like a cliffhanger

[ginnyjollykidd]

Clathrin cages are also found in cells. Triskelion-shaped protein clathrin molecules bind together to cause cell membranes to invaginate to form vesicles or vacuoles inside cells.

[HunterHogan]

I thought maybe you would tell us that scientists skipped Ice IX because it was discovered by Kurt Vonnegut.

[ananya.a]

The title is what drew me to the video at first. Like, 74, 963 types of ice? That's insane! But then as watched it more and more I became even more fascinated. Kudos to Alex and the team for making such a wonderful video! 👏🏻👍🏻

[supersmashsam]

Interesting topic and nicely covered. Good job Alex!

[douglasboyle]

Hexagons are the bestagons.

I've been waiting for a good video delving into the bazllion types of ice for a while now!

[DH-bfxb]

Great video, love the intro, but I was waiting for the Vonnegut ice-9 reference.

[平和-vz]

This channel is amazing....
Awesome hosts with very interesting and well-made content!

[emanuelagiansanti]

Thanks a lot, I was looking for a video about different kids of ice for a long time! Finally I found it! Great content