Lecture 2. Philosophy. Being

preview_player
Показать описание
What the Being is? Intuition of Being. Ontology and metaphysics. The beginning of philosophy. Ancient Greek Philosophy. Schools of Ancient Greek philosophy period. Milesians, Eleatics. First philosophers – Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes – and the search for substantial origins of Being. Philosophical monism and Parmenides.
Рекомендации по теме
Комментарии
Автор

Thanks to this interesting, informative lecture. I'm Temirkyzy Dilnaz from Biotechnology NIS (1st year student).
1)First of all, monism is a philosophical belief that declares that the universe is formed by a single arche, which means a single cause or primary substance. Here, it describes that, all reality like materialism and idealism are ultimately one and indivisible. Actually, there are two types of monism like substantival and attributive monism. The first one more closer to religions like Hinduism and Buddhism and means that entirety of reality leads to only one substance, and that any diversification of reality means just a plurality of aspects of this single substance. In contrast, attributive monism illustrates that there is only one category of being, within which there are many different individual things or substances. There are also some types of attributive monism like idealism, materialism, and neutral monism. In religion, people belief in one supernature like a God and they declare that God is the creator and judge of the universe. So, the idea of single being is quite the same in religion and in monism, but monism is more philosophical, and it identifies theories of mind, body and it describes based on logic. However, in religion belief manifests itself in the worship of supreme power. Religion is more combined to the monotheism that monism. That is why, we can say that religion can partly combined with philosophical monism.
2)Monism teaches about the fundamental unity of the mental and physical. Materialistic monism denies that there is a difference between the soul and the body. Idealistic monism seeks to reduce the body to the mind or the different types of mental conditions that exist. According to this, monism illustrates the unity and believing in one concept, and it looks like there is not any ethical implementation in monism. However, the most important duties of man, monism points to the respect, protection and preservation of himself and his fellows, as well as of future generations, whose morality and health determine the well-being of the future of humanity. So, ethical implementation of monism as a worldview is the respect and protection of himself and his family.

3)Idealism points out that consciousness is primary and matter is secondary. There are two kinds of idealism as objective and subjective. Objective idealism differs from subjective idealism in that it takes as its basis not the individual but some mystical consciousness, the world mind, the universal will. In this case, the existence of any separate consciousness from the individual does not exist. Subjective idealism denies the existence of a reality independent of the will and consciousness of the subject. That is, it takes the spiritual life of the individual as its basis. Materialism helps to supplement subjective idealism. That is, human opinions are based on materialism.

diladyyy
Автор

Before answering the questions, I would like to thank you for such an interesting lecture. I am Sadykova Ayazhan, group Biology of NIS, 21-13.

1. Monism is a view that says that somehow everything in our world, all objects, all living beings and events that surround us are reduced to one thing. Everything that surrounds us begins with one thing and ends in the same way in one thing. Following from this, I am of the opinion that some religions can be combined with monism, since in many religions, such as Christianity or Islam, there is a certain God, a great being who created everyone and everything, but who also gives everything an end. The task of monism is to find a common basis for all phenomena, including human consciousness, while religion says that the basis of all phenomena is God.

2. In ethical monism, there is a statement that only one specific theory concerning ethics is morally correct, that is, we can say that in terms of ethics, monism leads to the fact that only one point of view is somehow considered correct, which in fact does not really fit the realities of the modern world, when there are many different opinions, as well as the requirement of society for tolerant treatment of each of them. Everyone should have the right to have their own view of moral principles and boundaries, at least as long as their views do not harm the interests and lives of other people.

3. These two concepts differ in that objective idealism asserts that there is a reality that does not depend on the will or mind of the subject, that there are ideas that are independent of the consciousness of a certain subject, that the world and reality are something more than just a collection of feelings, emotions and perceptions of a certain subject. In subjective idealism, philosophers hold the opinion that there is no reality that does not depend on the will or consciousness of the subject. It is argued that reality either exists within the framework of the mood, emotions, experiences and sensations of the subject, or that they are somehow considered an irreplaceable and very important part of reality.
I believe that subjective idealism is difficult to associate with materialism, even if it seems that these two concepts are similar, since materialism puts matter first, believing that reason and feelings become a derivative of matter, idealism puts thinking, consciousness and ideas first.

АяжанСадыкова
Автор

First of all, thank you for the interesting lecture about our being. I’m Satubaldina Alida from the bioengineering group.



1) According to lectures and Wikipedia, Monism, a philosophical view, is reduced to a single principle or substance, by the presence of a variety of objects in the design. Under the same definition, you can substitute the view of some religionsб as Islam or some Indian belief, which preach rebirth from one substance into a new form of life.
2) Monism seeks to reduce all the diversity of the world to a single fundamental principle. This desire arises at the entrance of reflection on the regularity that is revealed when moving from the whole to parts, parts of these parts, etc. The number of objects that open at the same time grows, and their variety decreases. So, there are more cells than living organisms, but there are fewer types of cells - there are more atoms than molecules, but their diversity is even less, etc. It is concluded by the limiting transition method that the result of this decrease in diversity when moving deeper into the object will be an absolutely homogeneous primary substrate. The search for such a fundamental principle has been one of the main tasks of philosophy since its inception.
3) Objective idealism insists that the primary ideal has an objective character, i.e. does not depend on human consciousness. Subjective idealists say that only human consciousnesses exist, and the whole world, for example, is constructed by them. Materialists proceed from the fact that the world is cognizable, our knowledge about it, verified by practice, can be reliable, and serve as the basis for effective, expedient human activity. This means that materialism can be the basis for subjective irrationalism.

co-a
Автор

Thank you for the lecture. I am Yerzhanov Olzhas from Tourism NIS. First of all, I want to thank you for introducing philosophy. It was interesting to answer your questions.
1)Monism is a way of considering the diversity of the phenomena of the world in the light of one beginning, a single basis of everything that exists, and building a theory in the form of logically consistent development of the initial position. Taking into account that most religions are monotheistic, such as Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and so on, their main idea is that God is one and there is no one more powerful than him. And I also think that this may have something in common with the idea of a single origin, which suggests that everything started with one. So I think this idea is very close to religion. But there are other options in monism, so I can't say that they fully correspond.
2)Ethical monism is the assertion that a particular ethical theory is the "only correct way" to determine moral correctness. Consequently, the ethical consequences of monism entail a radical attitude to any problem where only one answer, one solution will be correct. This significantly narrows people's worldview. Thus, they simply do not recognize anything that does not correspond to their vision. But it seems to me that this also has its advantages in religion, since in Islam, in Christianity, people believe in God and do everything according to the rules (on the right path) of religions to get to heaven. But I also think that this statement is not entirely correct if you look from a different angle, which affects the worldview of mankind. People are used to looking at the world from different angles, solving life problems, including imagination, logic and thinking through many different options. Belief in only one concept seriously restricts the freedom and way of thinking of a person, which, in turn, drives a person into the framework invented by society.
3)Subjective idealism, a philosophy based on the promise that nothing exists except minds and spirits and their perceptions or ideas. A personal experiences material things, but their existence is not independent of the perceiving mind; material things are thus mere perceptions.objective idealism is a form of idealism asserting that the act of experiencing has a reality combining and transcending the natures of the object experienced and of the mind of the observer. Objective idealism accepts Naïve realism (the view that empirical objects exist objectively) but rejects naturalism (according to which the mind and spiritual values have emerged due to material causes), whereas subjective idealism denies that material objects exist independently of human perception and thus stands

KLIPAI
Автор

Good afternoon, I want to thank you for such an interesting lecture. I am Yuliya Dekteryuk from the NIS Chemistry group.
3. Objective and subjective idealism have common features in the idea of ​​the beginning of all being. However, they differ significantly from each other. Subjective means belonging to a person (subject) and dependent on his consciousness. Objective - indicates the independence of any phenomenon from human consciousness and the person himself.
the objective takes the universal spirit (personal or impersonal) as a kind of supra-individual consciousness as the basis of reality; That is, the essence of the object itself does not depend at all on our perception of an object.
subjective idealism reduces knowledge of the world and being to individual consciousness. that is, it is the consciousness of a certain person that determines the very existence of this person. Our perception largely affects the essence of what we see and what we understand.
The classical form of objective idealism is the Platonic philosophy, which is characterized by a close connection with religion and mythology. Plato believed that they are unchanging and eternal, in contrast to material objects that are subject to change and destruction.

ЮлияДектерюк
Автор

Thank you for the informative lecture!
I am Ulan-Batyrova Laila, a 2nd year Bioengineering student.
1. Monism is the philosophical belief that all the diversity of the world has a single beginning, a single origin. There are different varieties of monism (generic, existential, priority, substantive monism), they differ in the way the counting is done, but all currents are united by the common idea of singularity. This philosophical belief can be compared to monotheistic religions like Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism. Also with monism, these religions imply a belief in a single God who created the world, but each religion has a different God.
2. Ethical monism assumes that there is one universal rule that is the basis of all morality. This belief assumes that the world is simple and that people must choose one framework for morality. However, people often use different ethical frameworks to make decisions. Therefore, I am inclined to answer that applying ethical monism to real life is extremely difficult.
3. Materialists believe that material things are primary. According to the materialist view, the basis of everything is matter. And consciousness is secondary, a derivative of matter. In contrast, idealists recognize consciousness as primary. According to idealism, the material is the product of the spiritual. However, idealists are divided into two groups: subjective and objective idealists. Subjective idealists believe that cognition of the objective world is impossible, while objective idealists partially agree that cognition of the world is possible, but with the help of "otherworldly consciousness, " the world does not depend on our consciousness. Materialists, on the other hand, hold the view that humans can know the world through our mind and practice. Therefore, I think that subjective idealism cannot be seen as materialism.

leilaulan-batyrova
Автор

Hello, Professor. I apologize for my late reply. Thank you for an interesting and informative lecture. I am Zhanat Rozikulova, tourism group.
1.To begin with, monism is a philosophical belief that proclaims that the universe is formed by a single archaea, which means a single cause or primary substance. It describes that all reality, such as materialism and idealism, is ultimately one and indivisible. There are actually two types of monism, such as substantive and attributive monism. The first one is closer to religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, and means that the fullness of reality leads to only one substance, and that any variety of reality means only many aspects of this single substance. On the contrary, attributive monism illustrates that there is only one category of being, within which there are many different individual things or substances. There are also some types of attributive monism, such as idealism, materialism, and neutral monism. In religion, people believe in one supernatural nature, similar to God, and declare that God is the creator and judge of the universe. So, the idea of a single being is exactly the same in religion and in monism, but monism is more philosophical, and it defines the theories of mind, body and describes them on the basis of logic. However, in religion, faith manifests itself in the worship of a higher authority. Religion has more to do with monotheism than monism. That is why we can say that religion can be partially combined with philosophical monism.
2. Everyone knows that monism is the belief that there is a unique theory of existence. In addition, there are many types of monism, such as neutralism, idealism, physicalism, etc. All of these species have their own personal definitions and characteristics, but they all have the same concept. In my opinion, the moral consequences of monism are based on the destruction of human rights, freedom, science, philosophy, because monism strongly believes that there is only one just beginning of life, being, and so on. Monists believe that there is nothing in the world but matter or substance, even the changes that occur are solely the creation of a new form of matter. This concept restricts people in actions, in thinking and freedom.

АяулымАдашханова
Автор

Good afternoon, Laura Turarbek! Thank you for your interesting lecture about our being! I am Kaiyrgali Altynay from Chemistry NIS.

1) Monism is a philosophical view according to which the diversity of objects is ultimately reduced to a single principle or substance. A philosophical system that believes that the basis of the world and its phenomena is one beginning. This means that it can be combined with religions such as Islam, Christianity. Islam is one of the world religions that adhere to monotheism, that is, faith in one God. As for Christians, Islam for its adherents is much more than a religion.

2) Monism seeks to reduce all the diversity of the world to a single fundamental principle. Such an aspiration appears as a result of thinking about the regularity that manifests itself when moving from the whole to the parts. The number of objects opening with this division increases, and their diversity decreases. For example, there are more cells than living organisms, but there are fewer types of them. There are fewer molecules than atoms, but they are more diverse. By means of a marginal transition, it is concluded that as a result of a decrease in diversity when moving inside the object, there will be a completely homogeneous first substrate. This is the basic principle of monism.

3) Philosophy provides a rich ground for reflection. For example, idealism is a philosophical theory that assigns an active role to the ideal principle endowed with a creative component. Such trends as objective and subjective idealism also have their own manifestations, which can also be distinguished into separate directions. Subjective means belonging to a person (subject) and dependent on his consciousness. This means that subjective idealism reduces knowledge about the world and existence to individual consciousness. And Objective - indicates the independence of any phenomenon from human consciousness and the person himself. That is, the objective takes as the basis of reality the universal spirit (personal or impersonal), as a kind of superindividual consciousness; Materialism, as a concept of the importance of the issue, is necessary to meet vital material needs, that is, to realize subjective idealism. And the union of objective idealism and materialism lies in subjective idealism. That is, they are all closely interrelated with each other.

akszx
Автор

Thank you for the lecture. I am Kunshasheva Merey, a student of 1st year of biotechnology (NIS). Here are my answers to the lecture’s questions:
1. It is important to define the term ‘monism’. Monism’s concept is the ‘oneness’ of reality, which means that it supports a certain unifying principle that explains all phenomena; also, it is crucial to note that monism avoids the classification, for instance, into mind and body, etc. The concept of monism is similar to numerous religions, however, this view cannot be combined with any religion.
Despite monism, there are also dualism and pluralism that allow the explanation of Being and the beginning of all things by providing the mind-body dichotomy, as it is declared by Rene Descartes towards the dualism, or “doctrine of multiplicity” in case of pluralism. No doubt, religion and philosophy are different terms and share the common characteristics at the same time, therefore it is possible to compare them, at least, the questions and explanation of Being they support. As monism, dualism and pluralism, not all religions explain the concept of the beginning of all the same. While some religions confess only one God, others - believe in several godS. One of the bright examples of religions where monistic belief can be combined is the monotheistic religion (but monism and monotheism are not the same, they may share the same ‘concept’).
Briefly, monistic belief cannot be implied to any religion as not all of them are the same, and at some points this philosophical belief even may contradict the religion.
2. Since monism eliminates the mind-body dichotomy, there is only one principle for moral correctness, therefore there is a ‘unifying’ value underlying this philosophical belief. Ethical implications of monism are love for yourself and for others as everything follows the ‘oneness’ of reality, and the way individuals treat themselves is equal - or must be equal - towards surroundings. Here comes another value - equality, as all comes from one substance and therefore everything is (paradoxically) uniquely the same and there is no such characteristic that may put something/someone above. Consequently, there are respect and unity listed after among other ethical monistic implications.
3. Objective idealism explains that there is only one concept of existence of things accepted by a perceiver suitable for other individuals, like a common sense of existing material things, while subjective one states that the perceived reality of the world depends on the individual’s mind and thus material things do not exist independently of someone’s perception. According to this, it is possible to state that subjective idealism accepts the existence of minds, thoughts, feelings, etc. and therefore it is opposite to materialistic position that denies everything except the physical matter. Probably, these two last positions can be considered the same in case if they strive for something but this goal possesses spiritual/individual or materialistic form.

MereiKunshasheva
Автор

To begin with, I want to thank you for a very interesting lecture, I'm Tasbulat Danel' from the Tourism group, 2nd course of bachelor.

1. If we define monism, it is a way of considering the diversity of the phenomena of the world in the light of a single basis (materialistic or idealistic) of the whole world. That is, I understood it as the fact that all different objects /beings eventually come down to one, to the beginning of everything that follows. It is very similar to other religions, where everything has one Creator (God), with whom everything began. Therefore, we can safely say here that monism can be combined with other religions.

2. The essence of the ethical consequences of monism as a worldview lies in the fact of radicalism. It means there is only one single correct answer, one correct solution. But in fact, it doesn't always work. There may be different answers for each case, each case is unique, so people will be mistaken. And of course there is no diversity, so to speak, because people's thinking will have a framework, and this is extremely bad.

3. The difference between these two lies in the fact that objective idealism proclaims the independence of the idea, God, spirit - in general, the ideal principle not only from matter, but also from human consciousness, while subjective idealism is characterized by the assertion of the dependence of the external world, its properties and relationships on human consciousness. Materialists are convinced that the material is primary and objective, while consciousness, thinking and the spiritual are derived from this form of being. Subjective idealists say that there are only human consciousnesses, and the whole world, for example, is built by them. Consequently, subjective idealism does not converge in any way with materialism.

daneltasbulat
Автор

Hello, this is Khozhanova Dina (Biology NIS), thank you for your lecture.
1. Religious philosophy is a branch of philosophical thought in which thinkers of various faiths offer solutions to ideological problems (such as questions of faith and reason, the existence of God, the immortality of the soul, etc.) from the point of view of their religious beliefs. As a rule, it is implied that religious philosophy is not a discussion of religion, but a discussion of philosophical issues from the point of view of adherents of a particular religion.

There are three kinds of monism in philosophy:
Idealism, phenomenalism, mental monism claim that the only reality is the ideal, material reality is generated by the activity of some ideal forms (human consciousness or God). Hegel's philosophy (the thesis "The Absolute idea") follows in this direction.
* Neutral monism asserts that the mental and material can be reduced to a third substance or energy.
* Physicalism or materialism asserts that the only reality is the material; the mental or spiritual is reduced to the material.
It can be summed up that this religion, like others, has philosophical beliefs associated with the distinctive features and features of monism.
2. The worldview gives an organized, meaningful and purposeful character to human activity. Monistic philosophy is based solely on scientific experience and rejects both religious revelation and metaphysical cognition a priori. It recognizes cosmological monism and declares the dualism of the physical and spiritual worlds to be untenable. She assimilates the physical view of life and has a negative attitude to the concept of "life force". In contrast to religious teachings about creation and providence, monistic philosophy teaches about natural development (cosmogenesis) and inorganic nature and organic beings (archigony). It recognizes all existing organisms as transformed descendants of a number of extinct creatures that have developed on our planet for many millions of years (biogenetic transformation).
3. Objective idealism insists that the primary ideal has an objective character, i.e. it does not depend on human consciousness (for example, God, an Absolute Idea, etc. ... Subjective idealists say that there are only human consciousnesses, and the whole world, for example, is constructed by them.

dinakhozhanova
Автор

Hello, Professor. I am Alipbaeva Merey, from the food chemistry group.
1) Monism is the consideration of the diversity of the phenomena of the world in the light of one beginning, a single basis of everything that exists. The forms of monism differ not only in the solution of the main question of philosophy, but also in how the sought-for fundamental principle of the world is understood - continually or discretely. Continuum monism describes the world in terms of substrate and form, discrete - elements and structure. Representatives of the first — Heraclitus, Aristotle, Hegel, etc., representatives of the second - Democritus and Leibniz, etc. If we consider any religion, then each of them confirms that God is one and this is the only beginning. Therefore, I think that the answer to the first question is definitely yes.
2) The ethnic consequences of monism is a radical attitude to the problem. This means that there is only one solution.Such thinking limits a person's actions and does not allow a sober assessment of the situation, which can lead to bad consequences.
3) Objective idealism denies the existence of the world in the form of a set of results of cognitive activity of the senses and judgments. Subjective idealism is a group of trends in philosophy whose representatives deny the existence of reality independent of the will and consciousness of the subject, it can be considered as a materialistic position, since it considers the needs of people significant.

МерейАлипбаева-иь
Автор

Hello, Miss Laura! Thank you for an interesting lecture. I am Aruzhan Alkenova, Biotechnology NIS, 21-10.


1. Definitely yes, however not all kinds of religion could be combined with monism. Monism is a philosophical view in which the diversity of objects is ultimately reduced to a single principle or substance like a God in such religions as Islam, Judaism, Christianity, etc. So, the combination of them could be explained by monotheism.
2. The ethical consequence of monism as a worldview is radicalism. The radicality of Moniz is due to the fact that there is only one correct answer in their ethics. If a person followed this way of thinking in all areas of his life, he would not be able to reasonably evaluate his own actions and would be convinced that his actions are correct. Since it is difficult to give a definite and correct answer in ethics, as in the natural sciences, this can force a person to adjust everything in accordance with his own worldview and, therefore, limits the perception of a diverse world and may even lead to destructive actions.

3. Idealism is divided into two: objective and subjective idealism. Objective and subjective idealism, even if they differ in essence and principles, together constitute an ontology, a philosophy of being. Objective idealism is explained with already defined principles, such as religion, law, and so on. Subjective idealism is connected with human essence and the personal way of their existence as reflection, thoughts, and opinion. Materialism, as the concept of the importance of the matter, is needed to meet vital material needs, that is, to implement subjective idealism. And the union of objective idealism and materialism lies in subjective idealism. That is, they are all tightly interconnected with each other.

harualken
Автор

Thank you for such an interesting lecture! Taiyr Altynay Biotechnology NIS 21-10

1. We must first define the term "monism" before proceeding with the topic. The philosophical and theological belief that all is one, that there are no fundamental divides, and that all of nature is governed by a single set of rules. I comprehend the premise that everything is interconnected and will ultimately become one. I believe it has something in common with the concept of a single genesis, which states that everything began with one. This concept is similar to the religious notion that there is only one God and that all others are followers of that God. However, there are several religious traditions, and assuming that just one is authentic can be insulting to others. In this scenario, monism avoids discussing religious beliefs and their implications.

2. The basic unity of the mental and physical is taught by monism. Materialistic monism rejects that the soul and the body are separate entities. Idealistic monism aims to reduce the body to the mind or the many mental states that occur. According to this, monism depicts oneness and belief in a single notion, and it appears that monism has no ethical implications. However, one of man's most essential responsibilities is to respect, defend, and preserve himself and his fellows, as well as future generations, whose morality and health define humanity's future well-being. As a result, the ethical application of monism as a worldview is to defend and respect himself and his family. There are several instances of how different philosophers formed the concept of monism. For example, monist Robert Browning stated that there is just one substance or principle of existence. Everything has the capacity to be a spirit, or to put it another way, the cosmos is a universe of spirits. The use of monism in literature may be seen in such notions. Dr. Thomas C. Chamberlin describes another use of perspective by saying that a universe with the ruler outside appears to be less than a universe. As a result, scientific thinkers are beginning to believe that the greatest Being is the universal Being, who encompasses and comprehends all. I'm not convinced that monism aids individuals in avoiding overthinking and arriving at tangible solutions.

3. These two concepts differ in that objective idealism asserts that there is a reality that is independent of the subject's will or mind, that there are ideas that are independent of the subject's consciousness, and that the world and reality are more than just a collection of a subject's feelings, emotions, and perceptions. Philosophers who believe in subjective idealism believe that there is no reality that is independent of the subject's volition or consciousness. It is claimed that reality either exists within the context of the subject's mood, feelings, experiences, and sensations, or that they are seen as an irreplaceable and vital element of reality. Subjective idealism, I believe, is difficult to equate with materialism, even though the two notions appear to be comparable, since whereas materialism prioritizes matter, believing that reason and feelings are derivatives of matter, idealism prioritizes thinking, consciousness, and ideas. There are two types of idealism: objective and subjective idealism. Even while objective and subjective idealism differ in essence and principles, they combine to form an ontology, or philosophy of being. Religion, law, and other well-defined concepts are used to explain objective idealism. Subjective idealism is linked to human nature and the way people live their lives as reflections, ideas, and opinions. Materialism, as a view of the value of matter, is required to fulfill essential material requirements, i.e., to put subjective idealism into practice. Subjective idealism is where objective idealism and materialism meet. That is, they are all inextricably linked to one another.

altynaytaiyr
Автор

Hello, I'm Sarsenova Aknur from Biotechnology NIS. The lecture was interesting, key points and some aspects struck in my head.
1. Can monism and religion be combined? Yes. Here is the explanation. The philosophical term monism assummes that there is one beginning or substance of being, the same as in religion. However, monism cannot mean and demonstrate the same as religion. Monism mostly inspired by matters that we see and feel, while the religion have faith that God transcended the Universe. They are not the same, however somehow close in their meanings. As an example Thales' theory assume that the being originated from water, that everything began from water, whereas in religions like Islam, Iudaism and Christianity believe in theory of Adam and Eva (sometimes names are changed), namely, God created them and that's the beginning of the being. Monism means single, single belief in phenomena, the same as in religion, there only one faith in single God. Religion is more similar to monoteism rather than monism, however, i guess they can be partially combined in case of the word "single".

2. Monism does not related to the concept of ethical implications, as monism has strict rule, the single belief and one way of thinking. This restricts thinking alternitavely. Monism seems like under the one roof. Whereas, in our modern society humanity gained an opportunity to think and imagine in a variety of directions, there is no limit for your creativity. Monism does not accept any other options, to any other questions or phenomena, monism has only one exact answer. It is closer to science, even in sciene there are different theories concerning different fields. That is why there is no exact consideration that monism can be accepted as ethics.
3. Idealism is divided into two separate and different meanings like objective and subjective. As their names already explained, objective idealism is connected with already given principles, like religion, law, superstition, whereas subjective idealism concerns human nature and its essentials, for instance reflections, thoughts, existense. Therefore, materialsm is necessary for subjective idealism, in order to satisfy the routine needs. Mechanical material, action, context are essential to the existance of human nature. It is considered that the intersection of objective idealism and materialism are ended up with subjective idealism. However, they are used to be additional components to one another, not the essential case. Each of it can exist by their own principle, but all them together acount for ontology.

akonpark
Автор

The lecture was interesting and new for me, thank you. I am Ospanova Karina from Tourism Nis.
1. Before starting the discussion, we have to define a term of monism. Monism is the metaphysical and theological view that all is one, that there are no fundamental divisions, and that a unified set of laws underlie all of nature. I understand this theory that all things have interconnection, so they eventually end up as one. I think it can have some common with an idea of one origin that tells that everything began from one. This idea is close to religious belief that there is only one God and others are followers. However, there are many different religious, and considering that only one of them is true can be disrespectful for others. In this case, monism doesn’t approach the ideas of religion and their values.
2. The second question of ethical monism brings us to an idea that of one right way, or one right solution/answer. This right way play essential role in deciding moral correctness. There are many examples of the way how the monism was constructed by different thinkers. For instance, Robert Browning who was a monist claimed that there is but one substance or principle of being. All things are potentially spirit; or, in other words, the universe is a universe of spirits. Such thoughts shows the application of monism in literature. Another application in worldview can be described by Dr. Thomas C. Chamberlin, who says that a universe with the ruler outside seems something less than a universe. And therefore the thought is growing in the minds of scientific thinkers that the supreme Being is the universal Being, embracing and comprehending all thing. I barely think that monism helps people to avoid overthinking and find some concrete solutions.
3. Objective idealism is based on naïve realism, that tells that objects are considered objectively and doesn’t take naturalism into account. On the other hand subjective idealism lets material objects live free and independently of human perception. This philosophy a-priori elevates ideas that minds and spirits are the main base of existing. While materialism depends on physical existing. Human consciousness plays a significant role in the concept of subjective idealism. In materialism, matter is primary, not created by anyone, exists forever, and consciousness is already secondary. From this point of view, it seems to me, to consider subjective idealism as materialism is a rather complex concept. I think their intersection can be real, if we consider materialism as a thinking function of physical object. Otherwise, subjective idealism is in different category than materialism.

karinaospanova
Автор

Thanks for the lecture. I am Almukhambetov Bolat, Biology NIS, 1st-year student.
1. If we consider all world religions, then we can see that the majority have a similar basis, where there is only 1 god and he created the whole world, the universe. This similar basis is very similar to the philosophical view of monism, where the main concept of the diversity of objects is reduced to a single beginning.
3. Objective and subjective idealism are two opposite philosophical directions. The first one lies in the fact that the primary ideal has an objective character, which means that does not depend on human consciousness. The second has an opposite point, that is, the world is constructed at the expense of human consciousness. Also, subjective idealism can be seen as another view which is called materialism. Materialism is all facts that are causally dependent on, or even reducible to, physical processes. There are opinions that human consciousness exists only in the body and cannot exist and function outside, which can be considered as a subjective idealism

bolatalmukhambetov
Автор

Thank you for this lecture! I'm Zharmagambetova Aigerim, from biotechnology NIS 1st course.
1. Can any religion be combined with a philosophical belief such as monism?
First of all monism is a belief of philosophy which claims that there is only one being and nothing except this world. According to monism, all existent objects in the universe are derived from a single reality and are reducible to that reality. As for religion, there are different religions where they can believe in one, two or many gods (as being). So, there are religions that can be combined with a philosophical belief, but not every religion can be. For instance, Hinduism is a religion where the universe is seen as entirely holy or as sharing a single divine principle. Therefore, in some cases such as asserting only one being there are kinda related, however we have to remember other aspects of religion. Because every religion is very deep and has its own rules such as monism has different branches.



2.What are the ethical implications of monism as a worldview?
As I wrote before, monism is a philosophical belief which asserts that there is only one being and there are branches of monism like idealism, physicalism, neutral and so on. There is also one more type of monism such as ethical monism where it is the belief that a certain ethical theory is the "one proper approach" to determine moral truth. Moral philosophers' conviction can be startling. It claims that different actions have the same value, for example, any action is right or wrong, good or wrong.



3.What are the differences between objective and subjective idealism? Can subjective idealism in some cases as a materialistic position?
Subjective idealism is a concept that claims that the external world is a reflection of human consciousness. It argues that individuals can only know news and ideas of objects directly and as a set of representations of an individual. As for objective idealism, it is a concept of philosophy which states that the world exists independently of man and nature. It argues against materialism where subjective idealism is in some cases a materialistic position. Objective idealism claims that our perception of reality is mediated by thinking, but simultaneously rejecting the assumption that reality is completely subjective and so relative (subjective idealism).
To answer the next question we have to remember what materialism is. Materialism is a branch of a monism where it assists that matter is a fundamental substance in nature. It is necessary for subjective idealism where it claims that we can perceive truth and reality. So, yes, subjective idealism can in some cases be as a materialistic position.

aigerimzharmagambetova
Автор

1) Monism is the doctrine that a person consists of only one substance or that there is no fundamental difference between mental and physical phenomena or properties. I understand the theory that everything is interconnected so they end up being one. I think it might have something to do with the idea of an origin that everything starts with one. The idea is close to the religious belief that there is only one God and everyone else is his follower. However, not all religions can be combined with monism. There are many different religions, and it may be disrespectful to others to believe that only one of them is true (which may increase religion). In this context, monism is not close to religious ideas and their values.




2) The monistic model rejects the division of man into any part and considers him to be a very complex and multifunctional single organism. This view rejects the idea that a person consists of an interacting mind and body (a weak form of dualism), and instead emphasizes the absolute fundamental unity of a person. All things have spirit; or, in other words, the universe is a spiritual universe. Such thinking embodies the application of monism in literature. This leads to activism. Moniz's activism is because there is only one right answer to their morality. If a person follows this way of thinking in all aspects of his life, he will not be able to reasonably evaluate his actions and will be confident that his actions are correct. Since it is difficult for ethics to give clear and correct answers like the natural sciences, it forces a person to adjust everything according to his own worldview, which limits the perception of a pluralistic world and can even lead to devastating consequences.


3) Consider first the difference between subjective idealism and materialism.
Materialism fundamentally differs from idealism in what it is first of all: being or consciousness, matter or mind.
Materialists believe that matter is primary and objective, and consciousness, mind and spirit are derivatives of this form of existence. Consciousness depends on matter, is subordinate to matter.
On the contrary, the idealistic approach recognizes the primacy of thinking, consciousness and ideas. Everything material, everything that exists is a product of creation, consciousness, and thus the external world is a reflection of the internal. Only what we feel, perceive, realize is real and exists, and the external world and objects are projections of our internal processes, the totality of our sensory sensations. In these two directions, the question of the relation of thinking to differ in many respects deserves a separate discussion.
Let us now get acquainted with the main representatives of idealism and their forms.
Idealism distinguishes between objective idealism and subjective idealism. The two points of view differ in their perception of existing things. Objective idealism recognizes the real, existing world with the world of concepts arising from it and some world consciousness. The latter is the formation and determination of all that exists. Those who adhere to subjective idealism believe that reality is nothing but our feelings and perceptions and that what really is only our sensory experiences, thoughts and consciousness. Therefore, the external world exists only as a reflection of our subjective sensory perceptions and experiences.
Therefore, it is impossible to express subjective idealism from a materialistic point of view.

ЛизаЧувашова-бо
Автор

Seidaliyeva Adeliya ТФП НИШ
Thank you for the lecture!
Q#1
In my opinion, religion can be combined with a philosophical concept like monism. The philosophical view of monism seeks to reduce all the diversity of the world to its single basis, that is, a single beginning.
Most religions consider the moment when God gives life to a person or something else as a starting point. However, by the end of the way, it is God who takes life back and the whole cycle repeats again. Therefore, having arisen from nothing, only thanks to God's will, the human soul returns to its creator.
Q#3
According to objective idealism, the beginning of everything in the world is some spiritual, ideal substance or matter, independent of human consciousness and which is a consequence of the spiritual principle.
In turn, subjective materialism, on the contrary, completely denies the existence of reality without the influence of human consciousness and reason on it. Only human consciousness, which creates the world around us, and everything else, is just an illusion. Materialism considers matter to be the product of the beginning and only then human consciousness, and since subjective idealism considers consciousness to be the basis of reality, it cannot be based on a materialistic view of the world.

adeliya