Turkey 4k - from a bird's eye view

Turkey 4k - from a bird's eye view

Turkey is a transcontinental country, located mainly in Europe. Eastern Thrace, the European part of Turkey, is separated from Anatolia by the Marmara Sea, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (commonly known as the Turkish / Black Sea Straits). Istanbul, located in both Europe and Asia, is the country's largest city, while Ankara is the capital. Turkey borders Greece and Bulgaria in its northwest; in the north it is washed by the Black Sea; in the northeast - with Georgia; in the east - with Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave Nakhichevan and Iran; in the southeast - with Iraq and Syria; in the south it is washed by the Mediterranean Sea; and in the west - the Aegean Sea. About 70-80 percent of the country's citizens self-identify as Turks, while the Kurds are the largest national minority, accounting for 15-20 percent of the country's population.Throughout history, the region has been inhabited by a variety of civilizations, including the Anatolian peoples, Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. Hellenization began in the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era. The Seljuks began migrating to these lands in the 11th century, and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolizes the founding of Turkey. The Konya sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, after which it split into small principalities known as the Beyliks. Beginning in the late thirteenth century, the Ottomans began to unite the Beyliks and conquer the Balkans. After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I. During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire covered most of southeastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa and became a world power. From the end of the eighteenth century, the power of the empire diminished with the gradual loss of territories and wars. In an effort to consolidate the weakened social and political foundations of the empire, Mahmud II in the early nineteenth century began a period of modernization, implementing reforms in all spheres of government, including military and bureaucratic, along with the emancipation of all citizens. coup of 1913 effectively brought the country under the control of three Pashas, ​​who were largely responsible for the Empire's entry into World War I in 1914. During World War I, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, and Greek citizens . After the Ottomans and other Central Powers lost the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that made up the Ottoman Empire was divided into several newly formed states. The War of Independence of Turkey, initiated by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and his comrades against the occupying allies, led to the abolition of the sultanate on November 1, 1922, the replacement of the Treaty of Sevres (1920) by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923 ), and the creation of the Turkish Republic on October 29, 1923. which became Ataturk. Atatürk carried out numerous reforms, turning the republic into a more Western one.Turkey is a member of the UN Charter, an early member of NATO, the IMF and the World Bank, as well as a founding member of the OECD, OSCE, BSEC , OIC and G20. Becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and began negotiations for accession to the European Union in 2005. On March 13, 2019, the European Parliament called on EU governments to suspend Turkey's accession talks; which, despite the delay from 2018, remain active until 2020. Turkey's economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional state, while its location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history. Turkey is a secular, unitary, formerly parliamentary republic that adopted a presidential system of government after the 2017 constitutional referendum; the new system came into force with the 2018 presidential election. The current Turkish administration, led by President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of the AKP, has taken steps to increase the influence of Islam and undermine Kemalist policies and freedom of the press.
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Turkey 4k - from a bird's eye view